Merge pull request #620 from kdmukai/initial_multilanguage_0.8.0

Initial l10n / multilanguage support

.github/workflows/tests.yml

@@ -27,6 +27,9 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+        with:
+          # Needs to also pull the seedsigner-translations repo
+          submodules: recursive
       - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
         uses: actions/setup-python@v4
         with:
@@ -45,16 +48,20 @@ jobs:
             --cov=seedsigner \
             --cov-append \
             --cov-branch \
-            --cov-report term \
-            --cov-report html \
-            --cov-report html:./artifacts/cov_html \
-            --cov-report xml \
             --durations 5 \
             -vv
       - name: Generate screenshots
         run: |
-          python -m pytest tests/screenshot_generator/generator.py
+          python -m pytest tests/screenshot_generator/generator.py \
+            --color=yes \
+            --cov=seedsigner \
+            --cov-append \
+            --cov-branch \
+            --cov-report html:./artifacts/cov_html \
+            -vv
           cp -r ./seedsigner-screenshots ./artifacts/
+      - name: Coverage report
+        run: coverage report
       - name: Archive CI Artifacts
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
         with:

.gitignore

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ src/seedsigner.egg-info/
 .vscode
 src/seedsigner/models/settings_definition.json
 .idea
-*.mo
-.coverage
-seedsigner-screenshots
+.coverage*
+
+*.po
+*.mo

.gitmodules

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+[submodule "src/seedsigner/resources/seedsigner-translations"]
+	path = src/seedsigner/resources/seedsigner-translations
+	url = https://github.com/SeedSigner/seedsigner-translations.git
+	branch = dev
+[submodule "seedsigner-screenshots"]
+	path = seedsigner-screenshots
+	url = https://github.com/SeedSigner/seedsigner-screenshots.git
+	branch = dev
+	update = none

l10n/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,316 @@
+# Localization (l10n) Developer Notes
+
+## High-level overview
+1. Python code indicates text that needs to be translated.
+1. Those marked strings are extracted into a master `messages.pot` file.
+1. That file is uploaded [Transifex](https://app.transifex.com/seedsigner/seedsigner).
+1. Translators work within Transifex on their respective languages.
+1. Completed translations are downloaded as `messages.po` files for each language.
+1. Python "compiles" them into `messages.mo` files ready for use.
+1. The `*.po` and `*.mo` files are written to the [seedsigner-translations](https://github.com/SeedSigner/seedsigner-translations) repo.
+1. That repo is linked as a submodule here as `seedsigner.resources.seedsigner-translations`.
+1. Python code retrieves a translation on demand.
+
+
+## "Wrapping" text for translation
+Any text that we want to be presented in multiple languages needs to "wrapped".
+
+The CORE CONCEPT to understand is that wrapping is used in TWO different contexts:
+1. Pre-translation: This is how we identify text that translators need to translate. Any wrapped string literals will appear in translators' Transifex UI.
+2. Post-translation: Return the locale-specific translation for that source string (defaults to the English string if no translation is found).
+
+We have three techniques to wrap code, depending on which of the above contexts we're in and where we are in the code:
+
+
+#### Technique 1: `ButtonOption`
+Most `View` classes will render themselves via some variation of the `ButtonListScreen` which takes a `button_data` list as an input. Each entry in
+`button_data` must be a `ButtonOption`. The first argument for `ButtonOption` is the `button_label` string. This is the English string literal that
+is displayed in that button. If you look at `setup.cfg` you'll see that `ButtonOption` is listed as a keyword in `extract_messages`. That means
+that the first argument for `ButtonOption` -- its `button_label` string -- will be marked for translation (by default the `extract_messages`
+integration will only look at the first argument of any method listed in `keywords`).
+
+```python
+class SomeView(View):
+    # These string literals will be marked for translation
+    OPTION_1 = ButtonOption("Option 1!")
+    OPTION_2 = ButtonOption("Option 2!")
+
+    def run(self):
+        button_data = [self.OPTION_1, self.OPTION_2]
+
+        # No way for `extract_messages` to know what's in `some_var`; won't be marked for
+        # translation unless it's specified elsewhere.
+        some_var = some_value
+        button_data.append(ButtonOption(some_var))
+```
+
+These `ButtonOption` values are generally specified in class-level attributes, as in the above example. Classes in python are imported once, after
+which class-level attributes are never reinterpreted again; **the value at import time for a class-level attribute is its value for the duration of
+the program execution.**
+
+This means that we must assume that `ButtonOption.button_label` strings are ALWAYS the original English string. This is crucial because the English
+values are the lookup keys for the translations:
+
+* `ButtonOption.button_label` = "Hello!" in the python code.
+* Run the code, the class that contains our `ButtonOption` as a class-level attribute is imported.
+* Regardless of language selection, that `ButtonOption` will always return "Hello!".
+* `Screen` then uses "Hello!" as a key to find the translation "¡Hola!".
+* User sees "¡Hola!".
+
+IF `ButtonOption` were wired to return the translated string, we'd have a problem:
+* User sets their language to Spanish and enables persistent settings.
+* Launch SeedSigner. At import time the `button_label`'s value is translated to "¡Hola!".
+* User sees "¡Hola!" in the UI. All good.
+* User changes language to English (or any other language).
+* Now the `Screen` must find the matching string in a different translation file.
+* But the `button_label` value was fixed at import time; it's still providing "¡Hola!" as the lookup key.
+* Since all the translation files map English -> translation, no such "¡Hola!" match exists in any translation file.
+* So the translation falls back to just displaying the unmatched key: "¡Hola!"
+
+tldr: `ButtonOption` marks its `button_label` English string literal for translation, but NEVER provides a translated value.
+
+---
+
+#### Technique 2: `seedsigner.helpers.l10n.mark_for_translation`
+You'll see that `mark_for_translation` is imported as `_mft` for short.
+
+As far as translations are concerned, `_mft` serves the same purpose as `ButtonOption`. The only difference is that `_mft` is for all other
+(non-`button_data`) class-level attributes.
+
+```python
+from seedsigner.helpers.l10n import mark_for_translation as _mft
+
+@classmethod
+class SomeView(View):
+    title: str = _mft("Default Title")
+    text: str = _mft("My default body text")
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.run_screen(
+            SomeScreen,
+            title=self.title,
+            text=self.text
+        )
+```
+
+In general we try to avoid using `_mft` at all, but some class-level attributes just can't be avoided.
+
+---
+
+#### Technique 3: `gettext`, aka `_()`
+This is the way you'll see text wrapping handled in the vast majority of tutorials.
+
+```python
+from gettext import gettext as _
+
+my_text = _("Hello!")
+
+# Specify Spanish
+os.environ['LANGUAGE'] = "es"
+print(my_text)
+>> ¡Hola!
+
+# Specify English
+os.environ['LANGUAGE'] = "en"
+print(my_text)
+>> Hello!
+```
+
+This approach marks string literals for translation AND retrieves the translated text.
+
+We do the same in SeedSigner code, but only when the string literal is in a part of the code that is dynamically evaluated:
+
+```python
+from gettext import gettext as _
+
+class SomeView(View):
+    def __init__(self):
+        # Mark string literal for translation AND dynamically retrieve its translated value
+        self.some_var = _("I will be dynamically fetched")
+```
+
+Though note that there are times when we use `_()` only for the retrieval side:
+
+```python
+from seedsigner.helpers.l10n import mark_for_translation as _mft
+
+class SomeView(View):
+    message = _mft("Hello!")  # mark for translation, but always return "Hello!"
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.run_screen(
+            SomeScreen,
+            message=self.title
+        )
+  
+# elsewhere...
+@dataclass
+class SomeScreen(Screen):
+    message: str = None
+
+    def __post_init__(self):
+        message_display = TextArea(
+            text=_(self.message)  # The _() wrapping here now retrieves the translated value, if one is available
+        )
+```
+
+---
+
+## Basic rules
+* English string literals in class-level attributes should be wrapped with either `ButtonOption` (for `button_data` entries) or `_mft` (for misc class-level attrs) so they'll be picked up for translation.
+* English string literals anywhere else should be wrapped with `_()` to be marked for translation AND provide the dynamic translated value.
+* In general, don't go out of your way to translate text before passing it into `Screen` classes.
+  * The `Screen` itself should do most of the `_()` calls to fetch translations for final display.
+  * Minor risk of double-translation weirdness otherwise.
+
+Mark for translation in the `View`. Retrieve translated values in the `Screen`. Pass final display text into the basic gui `Component`s.
+
+---
+
+## Provide translation context hints
+In many cases the English string literal on its own does not provide enough context for translators to understand how the word is being used.
+
+For example, is "change" referring to altering a value OR is it the amount coming back to you in a transaction?
+
+Whenever necessary, add explanatory context as a comment. This applies to all three ways of marking strings for translation.
+
+The `extract_messages` command is explictly looking for the exact string: `# TRANSLATOR_NOTE:` in comments.
+
+```python
+class SeedAddressVerificationView(View):
+    # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: Option when scanning for a matching address; skips ten addresses ahead
+    SKIP_10 = ButtonOption("Skip 10")
+```
+
+Note that the comment MUST be on the preceding line of executable code for it to work:
+
+```python
+class SettingsConstants
+    # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: QR code density option: Low, Medium, High       <-- ✅ Correct way to add context
+    density_low = _mft("Low")
+
+    ALL_DENSITIES = [
+        (DENSITY__LOW, density_low),
+        # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: QR code density option: Low, Medium, High   <-- ❌ Note will NOT be picked up
+        (DENSITY__MEDIUM, "Medium"),
+        (DENSITY__HIGH, "High"),
+    ]
+```
+
+```python
+# TRANSLATOR_NOTE: Refers to the user's change output in a psbt
+some_var = _("change")
+```
+
+---
+
+## `_()` Wrapping syntax details
+* Use `.format()` to wrap strings with variable injections. Note that `.format()` is OUTSIDE the `_()` wrapping.
+    ```python
+    mystr = f"My dad's name is {dad.name} and my name is {self.name}."
+    mystr = _("My dad's name is {} and my name is {}").format(dad.name, self.name)
+    ```
+
+    The translators will only see: "My dad's name is {} and my name is {}" in Transifex. Often the English string literal is 
+    basically incomprehensible on its own so always provide an explanation for what is being injected:
+
+    ```python
+    # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: Address verification success message (e.g. "bc1qabc = seed 12345678's receive address #0.")
+    text = _("{} = {}'s {} address #{}.").format(...)
+    ```
+
+    If there are a lot of variables to inject, placeholder names can be used (TODO: how does Transifex display this?):
+    ```python
+    mystr = _("My dad's name is {dad_name} and my name is {my_name}").format(dad_name=dad.name, my_name=self.name)
+    ```
+* Use `ngettext` to dynamically handle singular vs plural forms based on an integer quantity:
+    ```python
+    n = 1
+    print(ngettext("apple", "apples", n))
+    >> apple
+    
+    n = 5
+    print(ngettext("apple", "apples", n))
+    >> apples
+    ```
+
+Transifex will ask translators to provide the singular and plural forms on a language-specific basis (e.g. Arabic as THREE plural forms!).
+
+---
+
+## Set up localization dependencies
+```bash
+pip install -r l10n/requirements-l10n.txt
+```
+
+Make sure that your local repo has fetched the `seedsigner-translations` submodule. It's configured to add it in src/seedsigner/resources.
+```bash
+# Need --remote in order to respect the target branch listed in .gitmodules
+git submodule update --remote
+```
+
+
+### Pre-configured `babel` commands
+The `setup.cfg` file in the project root specifies params for the various `babel` commands discussed below.
+
+You should have already added the local code as an editable project in pip:
+```bash
+# From the repo root
+pip install -e .
+```
+
+
+### Rescanning for text that needs translations
+Re-generate the `messages.pot` file:
+
+```bash
+python setup.py extract_messages
+```
+
+This will rescan all wrapped text, picking up new strings as well as updating existings strings that have been edited.
+
+_TODO: Github Action to auto-generate messages.pot and fail a PR update if the PR has an out of date messages.pot?_
+
+
+### Making new text available to translators
+Upload the master `messages.pot` to Transifex. It will automatically update each language with the new or changed source strings.
+
+_TODO: Look into Transifex options to automatically pull updates?_
+
+
+### Once new translations are complete
+The translation file for each language will need to be downloaded via Transifex's "Download for use" option (sends you a `messages.po` file for that language).
+
+This updated `messages.po` should be added to the seedsigner-translations repo in l10n/`{TARGET_LOCALE}`/LC_MESSAGES.
+
+
+### Compile all the translations
+The `messages.po` files must be compiled into `*.mo` files:
+
+```bash
+python setup.py compile_catalog
+
+# Or target a specific language code:
+python setup.py compile_catalog -l es
+```
+
+### Unused babel commands
+Transifex eliminates the need for the `init_catalog` and `update_catalog` commands.
+
+
+## Keep the seedsigner-translations repo up to date
+The *.po files for each language and their compiled *.mo files should all be kept up to date in the seedsigner-translations repo.
+
+_TODO: Github Actions automation to regenerate / verify that the *.mo files have been updated after *.po changes._
+
+---
+
+## Generate screenshots in each language
+Simply run the screenshot generator:
+
+```bash
+pytest tests/screenshot_generator/generator.py
+
+# Or target a specific language code:
+pytest tests/screenshot_generator/generator.py --locale es
+```

l10n/requirements-l10n.txt

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Babel==2.16.0

pyproject.toml

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ description = "Build an offline, airgapped Bitcoin signing device for less than
 name = "seedsigner"
 readme = "README.md"
 requires-python = ">=3.10"
-version = "0.8.0"
+version = "0.8.5"
 
 [project.urls]
 "Bug Tracker" = "https://github.com/SeedSigner/seedsigner/issues"
@@ -47,13 +47,12 @@ exclude_lines = [
 omit = [
   "*/__init__.py",
   "*/tests/*",
-  "*/pyzbar/*",
-  "*/gui/*"
 ]
-skip_covered = true
+skip_covered = false
 skip_empty = true
 
 [tool.coverage.run]
+source = ["src"]
 branch = true
 
 [tool.pytest.ini_options]

setup.cfg

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+[extract_messages]
+keywords = _ _mft mark_for_translation ButtonOption
+add_comments = TRANSLATOR_NOTE:
+strip_comments = yes
+add_location = file
+input_dirs = src
+output_file = l10n/messages.pot
+
+
+[compile_catalog]
+use_fuzzy = yes
+directory = src/seedsigner/resources/seedsigner-translations/l10n

setup.py

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+"""
+Empty setup.py necessary for the python-babel integration (e.g. python setup.py extract_messages).
+
+See the configuration in setup.cfg.
+"""
+import setuptools
+
+setuptools.setup()

src/seedsigner/controller.py

@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ class Controller(Singleton):
         rather than at the top in order avoid circular imports.
     """
 
-    VERSION = "0.8.0"
+    VERSION = "0.8.5"
 
     # Declare class member vars with type hints to enable richer IDE support throughout
     # the code.
@@ -147,20 +147,20 @@ class Controller(Singleton):
         else:
             # Instantiate the one and only Controller instance
             return cls.configure_instance()
+    
+
+    @classmethod
+    def reset_instance(cls):
+        """
+            Currently used by the screenshot generator, but could potentially be used to
+            wipe and reset the state of the device.
+        """
+        cls._instance = None
+        cls.configure_instance()
 
 
     @classmethod
-    def configure_instance(cls, disable_hardware=False):
-        """
-            - `disable_hardware` is only meant to be used by the test suite so that it
-            can keep re-initializing a Controller in however many tests it needs to. But
-            this is only possible if the hardware isn't already being reserved. Without
-            this you get:
-
-            RuntimeError: Conflicting edge detection already enabled for this GPIO channel
-
-            each time you try to re-initialize a Controller.
-        """
+    def configure_instance(cls):
         from seedsigner.gui.renderer import Renderer
         from seedsigner.hardware.microsd import MicroSD
 
@@ -248,10 +248,10 @@ class Controller(Singleton):
             used. Only used by the test suite.
         """
         from seedsigner.views import MainMenuView, BackStackView
-        from seedsigner.views.screensaver import OpeningSplashScreen
+        from seedsigner.views.screensaver import OpeningSplashView
         from seedsigner.gui.toast import RemoveSDCardToastManagerThread
 
-        OpeningSplashScreen().start()
+        OpeningSplashView().run()
 
         """ Class references can be stored as variables in python!
 

src/seedsigner/gui/keyboard.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont
 from typing import Tuple
+from gettext import gettext as _
 
 from seedsigner.gui.components import Fonts, GUIConstants
 from seedsigner.hardware.buttons import HardwareButtonsConstants
@@ -8,6 +9,10 @@ from seedsigner.hardware.buttons import HardwareButtonsConstants
 
 
 class Keyboard:
+    """
+    Note that it is up to the calling Screen to manage the Renderer.lock. The Keyboard
+    and its child Keys should NOT attempt to manage the lock.
+    """
     WRAP_TOP = "wrap_top"
     WRAP_BOTTOM = "wrap_bottom"
     WRAP_LEFT = "wrap_left"
@@ -27,39 +32,43 @@ class Keyboard:
     REGULAR_KEY_FONT = "regular"
     COMPACT_KEY_FONT = "compact"
 
+    # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: The abbreviated label for the special key <del> on a standard keyboard.
+    del_label = _("del")
     KEY_BACKSPACE = {
         "code": "DEL",
-        "letter": "del",
+        "letter": del_label,
         "font": COMPACT_KEY_FONT,
         "size": 2,
     }
+    # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: The abbreviated label for the special key <space> on a standard keyboard.
+    space_label = _("space")
     KEY_SPACE = {
         "code": "SPACE",
-        "letter": "space",
+        "letter": space_label,
         "font": COMPACT_KEY_FONT,
         "size": 1,
     }
     KEY_SPACE_2 = {
         "code": "SPACE",
-        "letter": "space",
+        "letter": space_label,
         "font": COMPACT_KEY_FONT,
         "size": 2,
     }
     KEY_SPACE_3 = {
         "code": "SPACE",
-        "letter": "space",
+        "letter": space_label,
         "font": COMPACT_KEY_FONT,
         "size": 3,
     }
     KEY_SPACE_4 = {
         "code": "SPACE",
-        "letter": "space",
+        "letter": space_label,
         "font": COMPACT_KEY_FONT,
         "size": 4,
     }
     KEY_SPACE_5 = {
         "code": "SPACE",
-        "letter": "space",
+        "letter": space_label,
         "font": COMPACT_KEY_FONT,
         "size": 5,
     }
@@ -158,7 +167,7 @@ class Keyboard:
                     self.screen_x + int(self.keyboard.key_width * self.size / 2),
                     self.screen_y + self.keyboard.key_height - int((self.keyboard.key_height - text_height)/2)
                 ),
-                self.letter,
+                _(self.letter),
                 fill=font_color,
                 font=font,
                 anchor="ms"
@@ -208,6 +217,7 @@ class Keyboard:
 
         # Set up the rendering and state params
         self.active_keys = list(self.charset)
+
         self.additonal_key_compact_font = Fonts.get_font("RobotoCondensed-Bold", 18)
         self.x_start = rect[0]
         self.y_start = rect[1]

src/seedsigner/gui/renderer.py

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from PIL import Image, ImageDraw
 from threading import Lock
 
-from seedsigner.gui.components import Fonts, GUIConstants
 from seedsigner.hardware.ST7789 import ST7789
 from seedsigner.models.singleton import ConfigurableSingleton
 

src/seedsigner/gui/screens/psbt_screens.py

@@ -1,15 +1,17 @@
-from dataclasses import dataclass
 import math
-from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFilter
-from typing import List
 import time
 
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from gettext import gettext as _
+from gettext import ngettext
+from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFilter
+
+from seedsigner.gui.components import (BtcAmount, Icon, FontAwesomeIconConstants, IconTextLine, FormattedAddress, GUIConstants, Fonts, SeedSignerIconConstants, TextArea,
+    calc_bezier_curve, linear_interp)
 from seedsigner.gui.renderer import Renderer
 from seedsigner.models.threads import BaseThread
 
-from .screen import ButtonListScreen, WarningScreen
-from ..components import (BtcAmount, Button, Icon, FontAwesomeIconConstants, IconTextLine, FormattedAddress, GUIConstants, Fonts, SeedSignerIconConstants, TextArea,
-    calc_bezier_curve, linear_interp)
+from .screen import ButtonListScreen, ButtonOption
 
 
 
@@ -21,15 +23,15 @@ class PSBTOverviewScreen(ButtonListScreen):
     num_inputs: int = 0
     num_self_transfer_outputs: int = 0
     num_change_outputs: int = 0
-    destination_addresses: List[str] = None
+    destination_addresses: list[str] = None
     has_op_return: bool = False
     
 
     def __post_init__(self):
         # Customize defaults
-        self.title = "Review PSBT"
+        self.title = _("Review PSBT")
         self.is_bottom_list = True
-        self.button_data = ["Review Details"]
+        self.button_data = [ButtonOption("Review Details")]
 
         # This screen can take a while to load while parsing the PSBT
         self.show_loading_screen = True
@@ -69,7 +71,7 @@ class PSBTOverviewScreen(ButtonListScreen):
         draw = ImageDraw.Draw(image)
 
         font_size = GUIConstants.BODY_FONT_MIN_SIZE * ssf
-        font = Fonts.get_font(GUIConstants.BODY_FONT_NAME, font_size)
+        font = Fonts.get_font(GUIConstants.get_body_font_name(), font_size)
 
         (left, top, right, bottom) = font.getbbox(text="abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ1234567890[]", anchor="lt")
         chart_text_height = bottom
@@ -86,16 +88,18 @@ class PSBTOverviewScreen(ButtonListScreen):
         # First calculate how wide the inputs col will be
         inputs_column = []
         if self.num_inputs == 1:
-            inputs_column.append("1 input")
+            inputs_column.append(_("1 input"))
         elif self.num_inputs > 5:
-            inputs_column.append("input 1")
-            inputs_column.append("input 2")
-            inputs_column.append("[ ... ]")
-            inputs_column.append(f"input {self.num_inputs-1}")
-            inputs_column.append(f"input {self.num_inputs}")
+            inputs_column.append(_("input 1"))
+            inputs_column.append(_("input 2"))
+            # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: Indicates that items have been omitted from a series: e.g. "1, 2, 3, [...], 8"
+            inputs_column.append(_("[ ... ]"))
+            # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: Input number will be inserted (e.g. "input 3")
+            inputs_column.append(_("input {}").format(self.num_inputs-1))
+            inputs_column.append(_("input {}").format(self.num_inputs))
         else:
             for i in range(0, self.num_inputs):
-                inputs_column.append(f"input {i+1}")
+                inputs_column.append(_("input {}").format(i+1))
 
         max_inputs_text_width = 0
         for input in inputs_column:
@@ -123,11 +127,12 @@ class PSBTOverviewScreen(ButtonListScreen):
         # Now let's maximize the actual destination col by adjusting our addr truncation
         def calculate_destination_col_width(truncate_at: int = 0):
             def truncate_destination_addr(addr):
-                # TODO: Properly handle the ellipsis truncation in different languages
-                if len(addr) <= truncate_at + len("..."):
+                # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: Ellipsis ("...") characters used to truncate an address (e.g. "bc1qabc...")
+                if len(addr) <= truncate_at + len(_("...")):
                     # No point in truncating
                     return addr
-                return f"{addr[:truncate_at]}..."
+
+                return addr[:truncate_at] + _("...")
             
             destination_column = []
 
@@ -136,21 +141,25 @@ class PSBTOverviewScreen(ButtonListScreen):
                     destination_column.append(truncate_destination_addr(addr))
 
                 for i in range(0, self.num_self_transfer_outputs):
-                    destination_column.append(truncate_destination_addr("self-transfer"))
+                    destination_column.append(truncate_destination_addr(_("self-transfer")))
             else:
                 # destination_column.append(f"{len(self.destination_addresses)} recipients")
-                destination_column.append(f"recipient 1")
-                destination_column.append(f"[ ... ]")
-                destination_column.append(f"recipient {len(self.destination_addresses) + self.num_self_transfer_outputs}")
+                destination_column.append(_("recipient 1"))
+                # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: Indicates that items have been omitted from a series: e.g. "1, 2, 3, [...], 8"
+                destination_column.append(_("[ ... ]"))
+                # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: Inserts the recipient number (e.g. the fifth one is: "recipient 5")
+                destination_column.append(_("recipient {}").format(len(self.destination_addresses) + self.num_self_transfer_outputs))
 
-            destination_column.append(f"fee")
+            destination_column.append(_("fee"))
 
             if self.has_op_return:
-                destination_column.append("OP_RETURN")
+                # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: Technical term, should probably NOT be translated in most languages
+                destination_column.append(_("OP_RETURN"))
 
             if self.num_change_outputs > 0:
                 for i in range(0, self.num_change_outputs):
-                    destination_column.append("change")
+                    # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: Label for a change output in the PSBT Overview flow diagram
+                    destination_column.append(_("change"))
 
             max_destination_text_width = 0
             for destination in destination_column:
@@ -164,10 +173,16 @@ class PSBTOverviewScreen(ButtonListScreen):
             # We're not going to display any destination addrs so truncation doesn't matter
             (destination_text_width, destination_column) = calculate_destination_col_width()
         else:
+            destination_text_width = None
+            destination_column = None
             # Steadliy widen out the destination column until we run out of space
             for i in range(6, 14):
                 (new_width, new_col_text) = calculate_destination_col_width(truncate_at=i)
                 if new_width > max_destination_col_width:
+                    if not destination_text_width:
+                        destination_text_width = new_width
+                    if not destination_column:
+                        destination_column = new_col_text
                     break
                 destination_text_width = new_width
                 destination_column = new_col_text
@@ -349,7 +364,7 @@ class PSBTOverviewScreen(ButtonListScreen):
             destination_y += destination_y_spacing
 
         # Resize to target and sharpen final image
-        image = image.resize((self.canvas_width, chart_height), Image.LANCZOS)
+        image = image.resize((self.canvas_width, chart_height), Image.Resampling.LANCZOS)
         self.paste_images.append((image.filter(ImageFilter.SHARPEN), (self.chart_x, self.chart_y)))
 
         # Pass input and output curves to the animation thread
@@ -463,14 +478,14 @@ class PSBTMathScreen(ButtonListScreen):
 
     def __post_init__(self):
         # Customize defaults
-        self.title = "PSBT Math"
-        self.button_data = ["Review Recipients"]
+        self.title = _("PSBT Math")
+        self.button_data = [ButtonOption("Review Recipients")]
         self.is_bottom_list = True
 
         super().__post_init__()
 
         if self.input_amount > 1e6:
-            denomination = "btc"
+            denomination = _("btc")
             self.input_amount /= 1e8
             self.spend_amount /= 1e8
             self.change_amount /= 1e8
@@ -482,7 +497,7 @@ class PSBTMathScreen(ButtonListScreen):
             # lines up properly.
             self.fee_amount = f"{self.fee_amount:10}"
         else:
-            denomination = "sats"
+            denomination = _("sats")
             self.input_amount = f"{self.input_amount:,}"
             self.spend_amount = f"{self.spend_amount:,}"
             self.fee_amount = f"{self.fee_amount:,}"
@@ -509,9 +524,9 @@ class PSBTMathScreen(ButtonListScreen):
         image = Image.new("RGB", (body_width*ssf, body_height*ssf))
         draw = ImageDraw.Draw(image)
 
-        body_font = Fonts.get_font(GUIConstants.BODY_FONT_NAME, (GUIConstants.BODY_FONT_SIZE)*ssf)
-        fixed_width_font = Fonts.get_font(GUIConstants.FIXED_WIDTH_FONT_NAME, (GUIConstants.BODY_FONT_SIZE + 6)*ssf)
-        left, top, right, bottom  = fixed_width_font.getbbox(self.input_amount + "Q")
+        body_font = Fonts.get_font(GUIConstants.get_body_font_name(), (GUIConstants.get_body_font_size())*ssf)
+        fixed_width_font = Fonts.get_font(GUIConstants.FIXED_WIDTH_FONT_NAME, (GUIConstants.get_body_font_size() + 6)*ssf)
+        left, top, right, bottom  = fixed_width_font.getbbox(self.input_amount + "+")
         digits_width, digits_height = right - left, bottom - top
 
         # Draw each line of the equation
@@ -524,7 +539,7 @@ class PSBTMathScreen(ButtonListScreen):
             # secondary_digit_color = GUIConstants.BODY_FONT_COLOR
             # tertiary_digit_color = GUIConstants.BODY_FONT_COLOR
             # digit_group_spacing = 0
-            if denomination == 'btc':
+            if denomination == _('btc'):
                 display_str = amount_str
                 main_zone = display_str[:-6]
                 mid_zone = display_str[-6:-3]
@@ -538,13 +553,12 @@ class PSBTMathScreen(ButtonListScreen):
                 draw.text((main_zone_width + digit_group_spacing + mid_zone_width + digit_group_spacing, cur_y), text=end_zone, font=fixed_width_font, fill=tertiary_digit_color)
             else:
                 draw.text((0, cur_y), text=amount_str, font=fixed_width_font, fill=GUIConstants.BODY_FONT_COLOR)
-            draw.text((digits_width + 2*digit_group_spacing, cur_y), text=info_text, font=body_font, fill=info_text_color)
+            draw.text((digits_width + 3*digit_group_spacing, cur_y), text=info_text, font=body_font, fill=info_text_color)
 
         render_amount(
             cur_y,
             f" {self.input_amount}",
-            # info_text=f""" {self.num_inputs} input{"s" if self.num_inputs > 1 else ""}""",
-            info_text=f""" input{"s" if self.num_inputs > 1 else ""}""",
+            info_text=ngettext("input", "inputs", self.num_inputs),
         )
 
         # spend_amount will be zero on self-transfers; only display when there's an
@@ -554,15 +568,14 @@ class PSBTMathScreen(ButtonListScreen):
             render_amount(
                 cur_y,
                 f"-{self.spend_amount}",
-                # info_text=f""" {self.num_recipients} recipient{"s" if self.num_recipients > 1 else ""}""",
-                info_text=f""" recipient{"s" if self.num_recipients > 1 else ""}""",
+                info_text=ngettext("recipient", "recipients", self.num_recipients),
             )
 
         cur_y += digits_height + GUIConstants.BODY_LINE_SPACING * ssf
         render_amount(
             cur_y,
             f"-{self.fee_amount}",
-            info_text=f""" fee""",
+            info_text=_("fee"),
         )
 
         cur_y += digits_height + GUIConstants.BODY_LINE_SPACING * ssf
@@ -572,12 +585,13 @@ class PSBTMathScreen(ButtonListScreen):
         render_amount(
             cur_y,
             f" {self.change_amount}",
-            info_text=f" {denomination} change",
+            # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: Denonination is inserted (e.g. your "btc change" or "sats change")
+            info_text=_("{} change").format(denomination),
             info_text_color="darkorange"  # super-sampling alters the perceived color
         )
 
         # Resize to target and sharpen final image
-        image = image.resize((body_width, body_height), Image.LANCZOS)
+        image = image.resize((body_width, body_height), Image.Resampling.LANCZOS)
         self.paste_images.append((image.filter(ImageFilter.SHARPEN), (GUIConstants.EDGE_PADDING, self.top_nav.height + GUIConstants.COMPONENT_PADDING)))
 
 
@@ -635,7 +649,6 @@ class PSBTAddressDetailsScreen(ButtonListScreen):
 
 @dataclass
 class PSBTChangeDetailsScreen(ButtonListScreen):
-    title: str = "Your Change"
     amount: int = 0
     address: str = None
     is_multisig: bool = False
@@ -662,10 +675,20 @@ class PSBTChangeDetailsScreen(ButtonListScreen):
         ))
 
         screen_y = self.components[-1].screen_y + self.components[-1].height + 2*GUIConstants.COMPONENT_PADDING
+
+        change_type = _("Multisig") if self.is_multisig else self.fingerprint
+
+        if self.is_change_derivation_path :
+            addr_type = _("Change")
+        else: 
+            # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: Abbreviation for receive address
+            addr_type = _("Addr")
+
+        value_text = "{}: {} #{}".format(change_type, addr_type, self.derivation_path_addr_index)
         self.components.append(IconTextLine(
+            value_text=value_text,
             icon_name=SeedSignerIconConstants.FINGERPRINT,
             icon_color=GUIConstants.INFO_COLOR,
-            value_text=f"""{"Multisig" if self.is_multisig else self.fingerprint}: {"Change" if self.is_change_derivation_path else "Addr"} #{self.derivation_path_addr_index}""",
             is_text_centered=False,
             screen_x=GUIConstants.EDGE_PADDING,
             screen_y=screen_y,
@@ -675,7 +698,7 @@ class PSBTChangeDetailsScreen(ButtonListScreen):
             self.components.append(IconTextLine(
                 icon_name=SeedSignerIconConstants.SUCCESS,
                 icon_color=GUIConstants.SUCCESS_COLOR,
-                value_text="Address verified!",
+                value_text=_("Address verified!"),
                 is_text_centered=False,
                 screen_x=GUIConstants.EDGE_PADDING,
                 screen_y=self.components[-1].screen_y + self.components[-1].height + GUIConstants.COMPONENT_PADDING,
@@ -697,7 +720,7 @@ class PSBTOpReturnScreen(ButtonListScreen):
             # Simple case: display human-readable text
             self.components.append(TextArea(
                 text=self.op_return_data.decode(errors="strict"),  # "strict" is a good enough heuristic to decide if it's human readable
-                font_size=GUIConstants.TOP_NAV_TITLE_FONT_SIZE,
+                font_size=GUIConstants.get_top_nav_title_font_size(),
                 is_text_centered=True,
                 allow_text_overflow=True,
                 screen_y=self.top_nav.height + GUIConstants.COMPONENT_PADDING,
@@ -707,7 +730,7 @@ class PSBTOpReturnScreen(ButtonListScreen):
         except UnicodeDecodeError:
             # Contains data that can't be converted to UTF-8; probably encoded and not
             # meant to be human readable.
-            font = Fonts.get_font(GUIConstants.FIXED_WIDTH_FONT_NAME, size=GUIConstants.BODY_FONT_SIZE)
+            font = Fonts.get_font(GUIConstants.FIXED_WIDTH_FONT_NAME, size=GUIConstants.get_body_font_size())
             (left, top, right, bottom) = font.getbbox("X", anchor="ls")
             chars_per_line = int((self.canvas_width - 2*GUIConstants.EDGE_PADDING) / (right - left))
             decoded_str = self.op_return_data.hex()
@@ -717,8 +740,10 @@ class PSBTOpReturnScreen(ButtonListScreen):
                 text += (decoded_str[i*chars_per_line:(i+1)*chars_per_line]) + "\n"
             text = text[:-1]
 
+            # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: Shown when displaying OP_RETURN as non-human-readable hexadecimal data
+            hex_label = _("raw hex data")
             label = TextArea(
-                text="raw hex data",
+                text=hex_label,
                 font_color=GUIConstants.LABEL_FONT_COLOR,
                 font_size=GUIConstants.LABEL_FONT_SIZE,
                 screen_y=self.top_nav.height,
@@ -728,7 +753,7 @@ class PSBTOpReturnScreen(ButtonListScreen):
             self.components.append(TextArea(
                 text=text,
                 font_name=GUIConstants.FIXED_WIDTH_FONT_NAME,
-                font_size=GUIConstants.BODY_FONT_SIZE,
+                font_size=GUIConstants.get_body_font_size(),
                 screen_y=label.screen_y + label.height + GUIConstants.COMPONENT_PADDING,
             ))
 
@@ -738,7 +763,7 @@ class PSBTOpReturnScreen(ButtonListScreen):
 class PSBTFinalizeScreen(ButtonListScreen):
     def __post_init__(self):
         # Customize defaults
-        self.title = "Sign PSBT"
+        self.title = _("Sign PSBT")
         self.is_bottom_list = True
         super().__post_init__()
 
@@ -752,6 +777,6 @@ class PSBTFinalizeScreen(ButtonListScreen):
         self.components.append(icon)
 
         self.components.append(TextArea(
-            text="Click to authorize this transaction",
-            screen_y=icon.screen_y + icon.height + GUIConstants.COMPONENT_PADDING
+            text=_("Click to approve this transaction"),
+            screen_y=icon.screen_y + icon.height + 2*GUIConstants.COMPONENT_PADDING
         ))

src/seedsigner/gui/screens/scan_screens.py

@@ -1,16 +1,15 @@
 import time
 
 from dataclasses import dataclass
+from gettext import gettext as _
 from PIL import Image, ImageDraw
 
 from seedsigner.gui import renderer
-from seedsigner.hardware.buttons import HardwareButtonsConstants
-from seedsigner.hardware.camera import Camera
-from seedsigner.models.decode_qr import DecodeQR, DecodeQRStatus
+from seedsigner.gui.components import GUIConstants, Fonts
+from seedsigner.models.decode_qr import DecodeQR
 from seedsigner.models.threads import BaseThread, ThreadsafeCounter
 
 from .screen import BaseScreen
-from ..components import GUIConstants, Fonts, SeedSignerIconConstants
 
 
 
@@ -56,7 +55,8 @@ class ScanScreen(BaseScreen):
         # Initialize the base class
         super().__post_init__()
 
-        self.instructions_text = "< back  |  " + self.instructions_text
+        # TODO: Arrange this with UI elements rather than text
+        self.instructions_text = "< " + _("back") + "  |  " + _(self.instructions_text)
 
         self.camera = Camera.get_instance()
         self.camera.start_video_stream_mode(resolution=self.resolution, framerate=self.framerate, format="rgb")
@@ -65,7 +65,6 @@ class ScanScreen(BaseScreen):
         self.frames_decoded_counter = ThreadsafeCounter()
 
         self.threads.append(ScanScreen.LivePreviewThread(
-            camera=self.camera,
             decoder=self.decoder,
             renderer=self.renderer,
             instructions_text=self.instructions_text,
@@ -76,8 +75,10 @@ class ScanScreen(BaseScreen):
 
 
     class LivePreviewThread(BaseThread):
-        def __init__(self, camera: Camera, decoder: DecodeQR, renderer: renderer.Renderer, instructions_text: str, render_rect: tuple[int,int,int,int], frame_decode_status: ThreadsafeCounter, frames_decoded_counter: ThreadsafeCounter):
-            self.camera = camera
+        def __init__(self, decoder: DecodeQR, renderer: renderer.Renderer, instructions_text: str, render_rect: tuple[int,int,int,int], frame_decode_status: ThreadsafeCounter, frames_decoded_counter: ThreadsafeCounter):
+            from seedsigner.hardware.camera import Camera
+
+            self.camera = Camera.get_instance()
             self.decoder = decoder
             self.renderer = renderer
             self.instructions_text = instructions_text
@@ -96,10 +97,12 @@ class ScanScreen(BaseScreen):
 
 
         def run(self):
-            instructions_font = Fonts.get_font(GUIConstants.BODY_FONT_NAME, GUIConstants.BUTTON_FONT_SIZE)
+            from timeit import default_timer as timer
+
+            instructions_font = Fonts.get_font(GUIConstants.get_body_font_name(), GUIConstants.get_button_font_size())
 
             # pre-calculate how big the animated QR percent display can be
-            left, _, right, _ = instructions_font.getbbox("100%")
+            left, top, right, bottom = instructions_font.getbbox("100%")
             progress_text_width = right - left
 
             start_time = time.time()
@@ -201,11 +204,12 @@ class ScanScreen(BaseScreen):
                                 radius=8
                             )
 
+                            # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: Inserts the percentage value of the animated QR scan progress
+                            text = _("{}%").format(progress_percentage)
 
                             draw.text(
                                 xy=(rectangle.width - GUIConstants.EDGE_PADDING, int(rectangle.height / 2)),
-                                text=f"{progress_percentage}%",
-                                # text=f"100%",
+                                text=text,
                                 fill=GUIConstants.BODY_FONT_COLOR,
                                 font=instructions_font,
                                 anchor="rm",  # right-justified, middle
@@ -248,6 +252,9 @@ class ScanScreen(BaseScreen):
             Screen. Once interaction starts, the display updates have to be managed in
             _run(). The live preview is an extra-complex case.
         """
+        from seedsigner.hardware.buttons import HardwareButtonsConstants
+        from seedsigner.models.decode_qr import DecodeQRStatus
+
         num_frames = 0
         start_time = time.time()
         while True:

src/seedsigner/gui/screens/screen.py

@@ -1,14 +1,15 @@
 import time
 
-from dataclasses import dataclass
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from gettext import gettext as _
 from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageColor
 from typing import Any, List, Tuple
 
+from seedsigner.helpers.l10n import mark_for_translation as _mft
 from seedsigner.gui.components import (GUIConstants,
     BaseComponent, Button, Icon, IconButton, LargeIconButton,
     SeedSignerIconConstants, TopNav, TextArea, load_image)
 from seedsigner.gui.keyboard import Keyboard, TextEntryDisplay
-from seedsigner.gui.renderer import Renderer
 from seedsigner.hardware.buttons import HardwareButtonsConstants, HardwareButtons
 from seedsigner.models.encode_qr import BaseQrEncoder
 from seedsigner.models.settings import SettingsConstants
@@ -43,6 +44,13 @@ class BaseScreen(BaseComponent):
 
         # Tracks position on scrollable pages, determines which elements are visible.
         self.scroll_y = 0
+    
+
+    def get_threads(self) -> List[BaseThread]:
+        threads = self.threads.copy()
+        for component in self.components:
+            threads += component.threads
+        return threads
 
 
     def display(self) -> Any:
@@ -51,15 +59,16 @@ class BaseScreen(BaseComponent):
                 self._render()
                 self.renderer.show_image()
 
-            for t in self.threads:
-                t.start()
+            for t in self.get_threads():
+                if not t.is_alive():
+                    t.start()
 
             return self._run()
         except Exception as e:
             repr(e)
             raise e
         finally:
-            for t in self.threads:
+            for t in self.get_threads():
                 t.stop()
 
 
@@ -99,19 +108,17 @@ class BaseScreen(BaseComponent):
 
             For example: A basic menu screen where the user can key up and down. The
             Screen can handle the UI updates to light up the currently selected menu item
-            on its own. Only when the user clicks to make a selection would run() exit
-            and returns the selected option.
+            on its own. Only when the user clicks to make a selection would _run() exit
+            and return the selected option.
 
-            But an alternate use case returns immediately after each user input so the
-            View can update its controlling logic accordingly (e.g. as the user joysticks
-            over different letters in the keyboard UI, we need to make matching changes
-            to the list of mnemonic seed words that match the new letter).
+            In general, _run() will be implemented as a continuous loop waiting for user
+            input and redrawing the screen as needed. When it redraws, it must claim
+            the `Renderer.lock` to ensure that its updates don't conflict with any other
+            threads that might be updating the screen at the same time (e.g. flashing
+            warning edges, auto-scrolling long titles or buttons, etc).
 
-            In this case, it would be called repeatedly in a loop:
-            * run() and wait for it to handle user input
-            * run() exits and returns the user input (e.g. KEY_UP)
-            * View updates its state of the world accordingly
-            * loop and call run() again
+            Just note that this loop cannot hold the lock indefinitely! Each iteration
+            through the loop should claim the lock, render, and then release it.
         """
         raise Exception("Must implement in a child class")
 
@@ -124,6 +131,7 @@ class LoadingScreenThread(BaseThread):
 
 
     def run(self):
+        from seedsigner.gui.renderer import Renderer
         renderer: Renderer = Renderer.get_instance()
 
         center_image = load_image("btc_logo_60x60.png")
@@ -147,7 +155,7 @@ class LoadingScreenThread(BaseThread):
             if self.text:
                 TextArea(
                     text=self.text,
-                    font_size=GUIConstants.TOP_NAV_TITLE_FONT_SIZE,
+                    font_size=GUIConstants.get_top_nav_title_font_size(),
                     screen_y=int((renderer.canvas_height - bounding_box[3])/2),
                 ).render()
 
@@ -190,7 +198,7 @@ class BaseTopNavScreen(BaseScreen):
     top_nav_icon_name: str = None
     top_nav_icon_color: str = None
     title: str = "Screen Title"
-    title_font_size: int = GUIConstants.TOP_NAV_TITLE_FONT_SIZE
+    title_font_size: int = GUIConstants.get_top_nav_title_font_size()
     show_back_button: bool = True
     show_power_button: bool = False
 
@@ -199,7 +207,7 @@ class BaseTopNavScreen(BaseScreen):
         self.top_nav = TopNav(
             icon_name=self.top_nav_icon_name,
             icon_color=self.top_nav_icon_color,
-            text=self.title,
+            text=_(self.title),  # Wrap here for just-in-time translations
             font_size=self.title_font_size,
             width=self.canvas_width,
             height=GUIConstants.TOP_NAV_HEIGHT,
@@ -251,14 +259,29 @@ class BaseTopNavScreen(BaseScreen):
 
 
 
+@dataclass
+class ButtonOption:
+    """
+    Note: The babel config in setup.cfg will extract the `button_label` string for translation
+    """
+    button_label: str
+    icon_name: str = None
+    icon_color: str = None
+    right_icon_name: str = None
+    button_label_color: str = None
+    return_data: Any = None
+    active_button_label: str = None  # Changes displayed button label when button is active
+
+
+
 @dataclass
 class ButtonListScreen(BaseTopNavScreen):
-    button_data: list = None                  # list can be a mix of str or tuple(label: str, icon_name: str)
+    button_data: list[ButtonOption] = None
     selected_button: int = 0
     is_button_text_centered: bool = True
     is_bottom_list: bool = False
-    button_font_name: str = GUIConstants.BUTTON_FONT_NAME
-    button_font_size: int = GUIConstants.BUTTON_FONT_SIZE
+    button_font_name: str = None
+    button_font_size: int = None
     button_selected_color: str = GUIConstants.ACCENT_COLOR
 
     # Params for version of list used for Settings
@@ -270,7 +293,12 @@ class ButtonListScreen(BaseTopNavScreen):
 
 
     def __post_init__(self):
+        if not self.button_font_name:
+            self.button_font_name = GUIConstants.get_button_font_name()
+        if not self.button_font_size:
+            self.button_font_size = GUIConstants.get_button_font_size()
         super().__post_init__()
+
         button_height = GUIConstants.BUTTON_HEIGHT
         if len(self.button_data) == 1:
             button_list_height = button_height
@@ -289,29 +317,26 @@ class ButtonListScreen(BaseTopNavScreen):
             self.has_scroll_arrows = True
 
         self.buttons: List[Button] = []
-        for i, button_label in enumerate(self.button_data):
+        for i, button_option in enumerate(self.button_data):
             icon_name = None
             icon_color = None
             right_icon_name = None
             button_label_color = None
 
-            # TODO: Define an actual class for button_data?
-            if type(button_label) == tuple:
-                if len(button_label) == 2:
-                    (button_label, icon_name) = button_label
-                    icon_color = GUIConstants.BUTTON_FONT_COLOR
-
-                elif len(button_label) == 3:
-                    (button_label, icon_name, icon_color) = button_label
-
-                elif len(button_label) == 4:
-                    (button_label, icon_name, icon_color, button_label_color) = button_label
-
-                elif len(button_label) == 5:
-                    (button_label, icon_name, icon_color, button_label_color, right_icon_name) = button_label
+            if type(button_option) == ButtonOption:
+                button_label = button_option.button_label
+                icon_name = button_option.icon_name
+                icon_color = button_option.icon_color
+                right_icon_name = button_option.right_icon_name
+                button_label_color = button_option.button_label_color
+                active_button_label = button_option.active_button_label
+            
+            else:
+                raise Exception("Refactor needed!")
 
             button_kwargs = dict(
-                text=button_label,
+                text=_(button_label),  # Wrap here for just-in-time translations
+                active_text=_(active_button_label),  # Wrap here for just-in-time translations
                 icon_name=icon_name,
                 icon_color=icon_color if icon_color else GUIConstants.BUTTON_FONT_COLOR,
                 is_icon_inline=True,
@@ -325,13 +350,14 @@ class ButtonListScreen(BaseTopNavScreen):
                 font_name=self.button_font_name,
                 font_size=self.button_font_size,
                 font_color=button_label_color if button_label_color else GUIConstants.BUTTON_FONT_COLOR,
-                selected_color=self.button_selected_color
+                selected_color=self.button_selected_color,
+                is_scrollable_text=True,  # We need to use the ScrollableText class for long button labels
             )
             if self.checked_buttons and i in self.checked_buttons:
                 button_kwargs["is_checked"] = True
             button = self.Button_cls(**button_kwargs)
             self.buttons.append(button)
-        
+
         if self.has_scroll_arrows:
             self.arrow_half_width = 10
             self.cur_scroll_y = self.scroll_y_initial_offset if self.scroll_y_initial_offset is not None else 0
@@ -352,10 +378,21 @@ class ButtonListScreen(BaseTopNavScreen):
         cur_selected_button.is_selected = True
 
 
+    def get_threads(self) -> List[BaseThread]:
+        threads = super().get_threads()
+        for button in self.buttons:
+            if button.is_scrollable_text:
+                threads += button.threads
+        return threads
+
+
     def _render(self):
         super()._render()
         self._render_visible_buttons()
 
+        # Write the screen updates
+        self.renderer.show_image()
+
 
     def _render_visible_buttons(self):
         if self.has_scroll_arrows:
@@ -510,13 +547,18 @@ class ButtonListScreen(BaseTopNavScreen):
 
 @dataclass
 class LargeButtonScreen(BaseTopNavScreen):
-    button_data: list = None                  # list can be a mix of str or tuple(label: str, icon_name: str)
-    button_font_name: str = GUIConstants.BUTTON_FONT_NAME
-    button_font_size: int = 20
+    button_data: list = None
+    button_font_name: str = None
+    button_font_size: int = None
     button_selected_color: str = GUIConstants.ACCENT_COLOR
     selected_button: int = 0
 
     def __post_init__(self):
+        if not self.button_font_name:
+            self.button_font_name = GUIConstants.get_button_font_name()
+        if not self.button_font_size:
+            self.button_font_size = GUIConstants.get_button_font_size() + 2
+
         super().__post_init__()
 
         if len(self.button_data) not in [2, 4]:
@@ -533,11 +575,20 @@ class LargeButtonScreen(BaseTopNavScreen):
             button_start_y = self.top_nav.height + int((self.canvas_height - (self.top_nav.height + GUIConstants.COMPONENT_PADDING) - (2 * button_height) - GUIConstants.COMPONENT_PADDING) / 2)
 
         self.buttons = []
-        for i, button_label in enumerate(self.button_data):
-            if type(button_label) == tuple:
-                (button_label, icon_name) = button_label
+        for i, button_option in enumerate(self.button_data):
+            if type(button_option) == ButtonOption:
+                button_label = button_option.button_label
+                icon_name = button_option.icon_name
             else:
-                icon_name = None
+                raise Exception("Refactor needed!")
+
+            # elif type(button_option) == str:
+            #     button_label = button_option
+            #     icon_name = None
+            # elif type(button_option) == tuple:
+            #     (button_label, icon_name) = button_option
+            # else:
+            #     print(type(button_option))
 
             if i % 2 == 0:
                 button_start_x = GUIConstants.EDGE_PADDING
@@ -545,7 +596,7 @@ class LargeButtonScreen(BaseTopNavScreen):
                 button_start_x = GUIConstants.EDGE_PADDING + button_width + GUIConstants.COMPONENT_PADDING
 
             button_args = {
-                "text": button_label,
+                "text": _(button_label),  # Wrap here for just-in-time translations
                 "screen_x": button_start_x,
                 "screen_y": button_start_y,
                 "width": button_width,
@@ -661,12 +712,12 @@ class QRDisplayScreen(BaseScreen):
     qr_encoder: BaseQrEncoder = None
 
     class QRDisplayThread(BaseThread):
-        def __init__(self, qr_encoder: BaseQrEncoder, qr_brightness: ThreadsafeCounter, renderer: Renderer,
-                     tips_start_time: ThreadsafeCounter):
+        def __init__(self, qr_encoder: BaseQrEncoder, qr_brightness: ThreadsafeCounter, tips_start_time: ThreadsafeCounter):
+            from seedsigner.gui.renderer import Renderer
             super().__init__()
             self.qr_encoder = qr_encoder
             self.qr_brightness = qr_brightness
-            self.renderer = renderer
+            self.renderer = Renderer.get_instance()
             self.tips_start_time = tips_start_time
 
 
@@ -676,7 +727,7 @@ class QRDisplayScreen(BaseScreen):
 
             # Instantiate a temp Image and ImageDraw object to draw on
             rectangle_width = image.width
-            rectangle_height = GUIConstants.COMPONENT_PADDING * 2 + GUIConstants.BODY_FONT_SIZE * 2 + GUIConstants.BODY_LINE_SPACING
+            rectangle_height = GUIConstants.COMPONENT_PADDING * 2 + GUIConstants.get_body_font_size() * 2 + GUIConstants.BODY_LINE_SPACING
             rectangle = Image.new('RGBA', (rectangle_width, rectangle_height), (0, 0, 0, 0))
             img_draw = ImageDraw.Draw(rectangle)
 
@@ -691,7 +742,7 @@ class QRDisplayScreen(BaseScreen):
                 screen_x=GUIConstants.EDGE_PADDING*2 + 1,
                 screen_y=GUIConstants.COMPONENT_PADDING + 4,  # +4 fudge factor to account for where the chevron is drawn relative to baseline
                 icon_name=SeedSignerIconConstants.CHEVRON_UP,
-                icon_size=GUIConstants.BODY_FONT_SIZE,
+                icon_size=GUIConstants.get_body_font_size(),
             )
             chevron_up_icon.render()
 
@@ -705,12 +756,14 @@ class QRDisplayScreen(BaseScreen):
             )
             chevron_down_icon.render()
 
+            # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: Increase QR code screen brightness
+            text = _("Brighter")
             TextArea(
                 image_draw=img_draw,
                 canvas=rectangle,
-                text="Brighter",
-                font_size=GUIConstants.BODY_FONT_SIZE,
-                font_name=GUIConstants.BUTTON_FONT_NAME,
+                text=text,
+                font_size=GUIConstants.get_body_font_size(),
+                font_name=GUIConstants.get_button_font_name(),
                 background_color=(0, 0, 0, overlay_opacity),
                 edge_padding=0,
                 is_text_centered=False,
@@ -721,12 +774,14 @@ class QRDisplayScreen(BaseScreen):
                 allow_text_overflow=False
             ).render()
 
+            # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: Decrease QR code screen brightness
+            text = _("Darker")
             TextArea(
                 image_draw=img_draw,
                 canvas=rectangle,
-                text="Darker",
-                font_size=GUIConstants.BODY_FONT_SIZE,
-                font_name=GUIConstants.BUTTON_FONT_NAME,
+                text=text,
+                font_size=GUIConstants.get_body_font_size(),
+                font_name=GUIConstants.get_button_font_name(),
                 background_color=(0, 0, 0, overlay_opacity),
                 edge_padding=0,
                 is_text_centered=False,
@@ -789,7 +844,6 @@ class QRDisplayScreen(BaseScreen):
         self.threads.append(QRDisplayScreen.QRDisplayThread(
             qr_encoder=self.qr_encoder,
             qr_brightness=self.qr_brightness,
-            renderer=self.renderer,
             tips_start_time=self.tips_start_time
         ))
 
@@ -831,11 +885,11 @@ class QRDisplayScreen(BaseScreen):
 
 @dataclass
 class LargeIconStatusScreen(ButtonListScreen):
-    title: str = "Success!"
+    title: str = _mft("Success!")
     status_icon_name: str = SeedSignerIconConstants.SUCCESS
     status_icon_size: int = GUIConstants.ICON_PRIMARY_SCREEN_SIZE
     status_color: str = GUIConstants.SUCCESS_COLOR
-    status_headline: str = "Success!"  # The colored text under the large icon
+    status_headline: str = None
     text: str = ""                          # The body text of the screen
     text_edge_padding: int = GUIConstants.EDGE_PADDING
     button_data: list = None
@@ -843,9 +897,9 @@ class LargeIconStatusScreen(ButtonListScreen):
 
 
     def __post_init__(self):
-        self.is_bottom_list: bool = True
         if not self.button_data:
-            self.button_data = ["OK"]
+            self.button_data = [ButtonOption("OK")]
+        self.is_bottom_list = True
         super().__post_init__()
 
         self.status_icon = Icon(
@@ -860,22 +914,21 @@ class LargeIconStatusScreen(ButtonListScreen):
         next_y = self.status_icon.screen_y + self.status_icon.height + int(GUIConstants.COMPONENT_PADDING/2)
         if self.status_headline:
             self.warning_headline_textarea = TextArea(
-                text=self.status_headline,
+                text=_(self.status_headline),  # Wrap here for just-in-time translations
                 width=self.canvas_width,
                 screen_y=next_y,
                 font_color=self.status_color,
-                allow_text_overflow=self.allow_text_overflow,
+                auto_line_break=False,  # Force headline to be on one line
             )
             self.components.append(self.warning_headline_textarea)
             next_y = next_y + self.warning_headline_textarea.height
 
         self.components.append(TextArea(
             height=self.buttons[0].screen_y - next_y,
-            text=self.text,
+            text=_(self.text),
             width=self.canvas_width,
             edge_padding=self.text_edge_padding,  # Don't render all the way up to the far left/right edges
             screen_y=next_y,
-            allow_text_overflow=self.allow_text_overflow,
         ))
 
 
@@ -958,22 +1011,17 @@ class WarningEdgesMixin:
 
 @dataclass
 class WarningScreen(WarningEdgesMixin, LargeIconStatusScreen):
-    title: str = "Caution"
+    title: str = _mft("Caution")
     status_icon_name: str = SeedSignerIconConstants.WARNING
     status_color: str = "yellow"
-    status_headline: str = "Privacy Leak!"     # The colored text under the alert icon
-
-    def __post_init__(self):
-        if not self.button_data:
-            self.button_data = ["I Understand"]
-
-        super().__post_init__()
+    status_headline: str = _mft("Privacy Leak!")     # The colored text under the alert icon
+    button_data: list = field(default_factory=lambda: [ButtonOption("I Understand")])
 
 
 
 @dataclass
 class DireWarningScreen(WarningScreen):
-    status_headline: str = "Classified Info!"     # The colored text under the alert icon
+    status_headline: str = _mft("Classified Info!")     # The colored text under the alert icon
     status_color: str = GUIConstants.DIRE_WARNING_COLOR
 
 
@@ -981,12 +1029,12 @@ class DireWarningScreen(WarningScreen):
 @dataclass
 class ResetScreen(BaseTopNavScreen):
     def __post_init__(self):
-        self.title = "Restarting"
+        self.title = _("Restarting")
         self.show_back_button = False
         super().__post_init__()
 
         self.components.append(TextArea(
-            text="SeedSigner is restarting.\n\nAll in-memory data will be wiped.",
+            text=_("SeedSigner is restarting.\n\nAll in-memory data will be wiped."),
             screen_y=self.top_nav.height,
             height=self.canvas_height - self.top_nav.height,
         ))
@@ -996,12 +1044,12 @@ class ResetScreen(BaseTopNavScreen):
 @dataclass
 class PowerOffScreen(BaseTopNavScreen):
     def __post_init__(self):
-        self.title = "Powering Off"
+        self.title = _("Powering Off")
         self.show_back_button = False
         super().__post_init__()
 
         self.components.append(TextArea(
-            text="Please wait about 30 seconds before disconnecting power.",
+            text=_("Please wait about 30 seconds before disconnecting power."),
             screen_y=self.top_nav.height,
             height=self.canvas_height - self.top_nav.height,
         ))
@@ -1011,12 +1059,12 @@ class PowerOffScreen(BaseTopNavScreen):
 @dataclass
 class PowerOffNotRequiredScreen(BaseTopNavScreen):
     def __post_init__(self):
-        self.title = "Just Unplug It"
+        self.title = _("Just Unplug It")
         self.show_back_button = True
         super().__post_init__()
 
         self.components.append(TextArea(
-            text="It is safe to disconnect power at any time.",
+            text=_("It is safe to disconnect power at any time."),
             screen_y=self.top_nav.height,
             height=self.canvas_height - self.top_nav.height,
         ))
@@ -1044,7 +1092,7 @@ class KeyboardScreen(BaseTopNavScreen):
     rows: int = None
     cols: int = None
     keyboard_font_name: str = GUIConstants.FIXED_WIDTH_EMPHASIS_FONT_NAME
-    keyboard_font_size: int = GUIConstants.TOP_NAV_TITLE_FONT_SIZE + 2
+    keyboard_font_size: int = None
     key_height: int = None
     keys_charset: str = None
     keys_to_values: dict = None
@@ -1053,6 +1101,9 @@ class KeyboardScreen(BaseTopNavScreen):
     initial_value: str = ""
 
     def __post_init__(self):
+        if self.keyboard_font_size is None:
+            self.keyboard_font_size = GUIConstants.get_top_nav_title_font_size() + 2
+
         super().__post_init__()
 
         if self.initial_value:
@@ -1132,7 +1183,7 @@ class KeyboardScreen(BaseTopNavScreen):
         self.text_entry_display.render()
 
         self.renderer.show_image()
-    
+
 
     def _run(self):
         self.cursor_position = len(self.user_input)
@@ -1144,84 +1195,85 @@ class KeyboardScreen(BaseTopNavScreen):
                 check_release=True,
                 release_keys=[HardwareButtonsConstants.KEY_PRESS, HardwareButtonsConstants.KEY3]
             )
-    
-            # Check possible exit conditions   
-            if self.top_nav.is_selected and input == HardwareButtonsConstants.KEY_PRESS:
-                return RET_CODE__BACK_BUTTON
-            
-            elif self.show_save_button and input == HardwareButtonsConstants.KEY3:
-                # Save!
-                if len(self.user_input) == 0:
-                    # Don't try to submit zero input
+
+            with self.renderer.lock:
+                # Check possible exit conditions   
+                if self.top_nav.is_selected and input == HardwareButtonsConstants.KEY_PRESS:
+                    return RET_CODE__BACK_BUTTON
+
+                elif self.show_save_button and input == HardwareButtonsConstants.KEY3:
+                    # Save!
+                    if len(self.user_input) == 0:
+                        # Don't try to submit zero input
+                        continue
+
+                    # First show the save button reacting to the click
+                    self.save_button.is_selected = True
+                    self.save_button.render()
+                    self.renderer.show_image()
+
+                    # Then return the input to the View
+                    return self.user_input.strip()
+
+                # Process normal input
+                if input in [HardwareButtonsConstants.KEY_UP, HardwareButtonsConstants.KEY_DOWN] and self.top_nav.is_selected:
+                    # We're navigating off the previous button
+                    self.top_nav.is_selected = False
+                    self.top_nav.render_buttons()
+
+                    # Override the actual input w/an ENTER signal for the Keyboard
+                    if input == HardwareButtonsConstants.KEY_DOWN:
+                        input = Keyboard.ENTER_TOP
+                    else:
+                        input = Keyboard.ENTER_BOTTOM
+                elif input in [HardwareButtonsConstants.KEY_LEFT, HardwareButtonsConstants.KEY_RIGHT] and self.top_nav.is_selected:
+                    # ignore
                     continue
 
-                # First show the save button reacting to the click
-                self.save_button.is_selected = True
-                self.save_button.render()
-                self.renderer.show_image()
+                ret_val = self.keyboard.update_from_input(input)
 
-                # Then return the input to the View
-                return self.user_input.strip()
-    
-            # Process normal input
-            if input in [HardwareButtonsConstants.KEY_UP, HardwareButtonsConstants.KEY_DOWN] and self.top_nav.is_selected:
-                # We're navigating off the previous button
-                self.top_nav.is_selected = False
-                self.top_nav.render_buttons()
-    
-                # Override the actual input w/an ENTER signal for the Keyboard
-                if input == HardwareButtonsConstants.KEY_DOWN:
-                    input = Keyboard.ENTER_TOP
-                else:
-                    input = Keyboard.ENTER_BOTTOM
-            elif input in [HardwareButtonsConstants.KEY_LEFT, HardwareButtonsConstants.KEY_RIGHT] and self.top_nav.is_selected:
-                # ignore
-                continue
-    
-            ret_val = self.keyboard.update_from_input(input)
-    
-            # Now process the result from the keyboard
-            if ret_val in Keyboard.EXIT_DIRECTIONS:
-                self.top_nav.is_selected = True
-                self.top_nav.render_buttons()
-    
-            elif ret_val in Keyboard.ADDITIONAL_KEYS and input == HardwareButtonsConstants.KEY_PRESS:
-                if ret_val == Keyboard.KEY_BACKSPACE["code"]:
-                    if len(self.user_input) > 0:
-                        self.user_input = self.user_input[:-1]
-                        self.cursor_position -= 1
-    
-            elif input == HardwareButtonsConstants.KEY_PRESS and ret_val not in Keyboard.ADDITIONAL_KEYS:
-                # User has locked in the current letter
-                if self.keys_to_values:
-                    # Map the Key display char to its output value (e.g. dice icon to digit)
-                    ret_val = self.keys_to_values[ret_val]
-                self.user_input += ret_val
-                self.cursor_position += 1
-
-                if self.cursor_position == self.return_after_n_chars:
-                    return self.user_input
-
-                # Render a new TextArea over the TopNav title bar
-                if self.update_title():
-                    TextArea(
-                        text=self.title,
-                        font_name=GUIConstants.TOP_NAV_TITLE_FONT_NAME,
-                        font_size=GUIConstants.TOP_NAV_TITLE_FONT_SIZE,
-                        height=self.top_nav.height,
-                    ).render()
+                # Now process the result from the keyboard
+                if ret_val in Keyboard.EXIT_DIRECTIONS:
+                    self.top_nav.is_selected = True
                     self.top_nav.render_buttons()
-    
-            elif input in HardwareButtonsConstants.KEYS__LEFT_RIGHT_UP_DOWN:
-                # Live joystick movement; haven't locked this new letter in yet.
-                # Leave current spot blank for now. Only update the active keyboard keys
-                # when a selection has been locked in (KEY_PRESS) or removed ("del").
-                pass
-    
-            # Render the text entry display and cursor block
-            self.text_entry_display.render(self.user_input)
-    
-            self.renderer.show_image()
+
+                elif ret_val in Keyboard.ADDITIONAL_KEYS and input == HardwareButtonsConstants.KEY_PRESS:
+                    if ret_val == Keyboard.KEY_BACKSPACE["code"]:
+                        if len(self.user_input) > 0:
+                            self.user_input = self.user_input[:-1]
+                            self.cursor_position -= 1
+
+                elif input == HardwareButtonsConstants.KEY_PRESS and ret_val not in Keyboard.ADDITIONAL_KEYS:
+                    # User has locked in the current letter
+                    if self.keys_to_values:
+                        # Map the Key display char to its output value (e.g. dice icon to digit)
+                        ret_val = self.keys_to_values[ret_val]
+                    self.user_input += ret_val
+                    self.cursor_position += 1
+
+                    if self.cursor_position == self.return_after_n_chars:
+                        return self.user_input
+
+                    # Render a new TextArea over the TopNav title bar
+                    if self.update_title():
+                        TextArea(
+                            text=self.title,
+                            font_name=GUIConstants.get_top_nav_title_font_name(),
+                            font_size=GUIConstants.get_top_nav_title_font_size(),
+                            height=self.top_nav.height,
+                        ).render()
+                        self.top_nav.render_buttons()
+
+                elif input in HardwareButtonsConstants.KEYS__LEFT_RIGHT_UP_DOWN:
+                    # Live joystick movement; haven't locked this new letter in yet.
+                    # Leave current spot blank for now. Only update the active keyboard keys
+                    # when a selection has been locked in (KEY_PRESS) or removed ("del").
+                    pass
+
+                # Render the text entry display and cursor block
+                self.text_entry_display.render(self.user_input)
+
+                self.renderer.show_image()
 
 
     def update_title(self) -> bool:
@@ -1229,7 +1281,7 @@ class KeyboardScreen(BaseTopNavScreen):
             Optionally update the self.title after each completed key input.
             
             e.g. to increment the dice roll count:
-                self.title = f"Roll {self.cursor_position + 1}"
+                self.title = _("Roll {}".format(self.cursor_position + 1))
         """
         return False
 

src/seedsigner/gui/screens/settings_screens.py

@@ -1,17 +1,20 @@
 import time
 
 from dataclasses import dataclass
+from gettext import gettext as _
 from PIL.ImageOps import autocontrast
 from typing import List
+
+from seedsigner.helpers.l10n import mark_for_translation as _mft
 from seedsigner.gui.components import Button, CheckboxButton, CheckedSelectionButton, FontAwesomeIconConstants, Fonts, GUIConstants, Icon, IconButton, IconTextLine, TextArea
 from seedsigner.gui.screens.scan_screens import ScanScreen
-
-from seedsigner.gui.screens.screen import BaseScreen, BaseTopNavScreen, ButtonListScreen
+from seedsigner.gui.screens.screen import BaseScreen, BaseTopNavScreen, ButtonListScreen, ButtonOption
 from seedsigner.hardware.buttons import HardwareButtonsConstants
 from seedsigner.hardware.camera import Camera
 from seedsigner.models.settings import SettingsConstants
 
 
+
 @dataclass
 class SettingsEntryUpdateSelectionScreen(ButtonListScreen):
     display_name: str = None
@@ -21,7 +24,7 @@ class SettingsEntryUpdateSelectionScreen(ButtonListScreen):
     selected_button: int = 0
 
     def __post_init__(self):
-        self.title = "Settings"
+        self.title = _("Settings")
         self.is_bottom_list = True
         self.use_checked_selection_buttons = True
         if self.settings_entry_type == SettingsConstants.TYPE__MULTISELECT:
@@ -31,20 +34,21 @@ class SettingsEntryUpdateSelectionScreen(ButtonListScreen):
         super().__post_init__()
 
         self.components.append(TextArea(
-            text=self.display_name,
+            text=_(self.display_name),
             font_size=GUIConstants.BODY_FONT_MAX_SIZE,
             is_text_centered=True,
-            auto_line_break=False,
+            auto_line_break=True,
             screen_y=self.top_nav.height + GUIConstants.COMPONENT_PADDING
         ))
 
         if self.help_text:
             prev_component_bottom = self.components[-1].screen_y + self.components[-1].height
             self.components.append(TextArea(
-                text=self.help_text,
+                text=_(self.help_text),
                 font_color=GUIConstants.LABEL_FONT_COLOR,
                 is_text_centered=True,
                 screen_y=prev_component_bottom + GUIConstants.COMPONENT_PADDING,
+                auto_line_break=True,
             ))
 
 
@@ -52,7 +56,8 @@ class SettingsEntryUpdateSelectionScreen(ButtonListScreen):
 @dataclass
 class IOTestScreen(BaseTopNavScreen):
     def __post_init__(self):
-        self.title = "I/O Test"
+        # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: Short for "Input/Output"; screen to make sure the buttons and camera are working properly
+        self.title = _("I/O Test")
         self.show_back_button = False
         self.resolution = (96, 96)
         self.framerate = 10
@@ -122,8 +127,8 @@ class IOTestScreen(BaseTopNavScreen):
         self.components.append(self.joystick_right_button)
 
         # Hardware keys UI
-        font = Fonts.get_font(GUIConstants.BUTTON_FONT_NAME, GUIConstants.BUTTON_FONT_SIZE)
-        (left, top, text_width, bottom) = font.getbbox(text="Clear", anchor="ls")
+        font = Fonts.get_font(GUIConstants.get_button_font_name(), GUIConstants.get_button_font_size())
+        (left, top, text_width, bottom) = font.getbbox(text=_("Clear"), anchor="ls")
         icon = Icon(
             icon_name=FontAwesomeIconConstants.CAMERA, 
             icon_size=GUIConstants.ICON_INLINE_FONT_SIZE,
@@ -133,12 +138,14 @@ class IOTestScreen(BaseTopNavScreen):
         key2_y = int(self.canvas_height/2) - int(key_button_height/2)
 
         self.key2_button = Button(
-            text="Clear",   # Initialize with text to set vertical centering
+            # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: Blank the screen
+            text=_("Clear"),   # Initialize with text to set vertical centering
             width=key_button_width,
             height=key_button_height,
             screen_x=self.canvas_width - key_button_width + GUIConstants.EDGE_PADDING,
             screen_y=key2_y,
             outline_color=GUIConstants.ACCENT_COLOR,
+            is_scrollable_text=False,  # Text has to dynamically update, can't use scrollable Button
         )
         self.key2_button.text = " "  # but default state is empty
         self.components.append(self.key2_button)
@@ -154,12 +161,13 @@ class IOTestScreen(BaseTopNavScreen):
         self.components.append(self.key1_button)
 
         self.key3_button = Button(
-            text="Exit",
+            text=_("Exit"),
             width=key_button_width,
             height=key_button_height,
             screen_x=self.canvas_width - key_button_width + GUIConstants.EDGE_PADDING,
             screen_y=key2_y + 3*GUIConstants.COMPONENT_PADDING + key_button_height,
             outline_color=GUIConstants.ACCENT_COLOR,
+            is_scrollable_text=False,  # No help for l10n, but currently ScrollableTextLine interferes with the small button's left edge. (TODO:)
         )
         self.components.append(self.key3_button)
 
@@ -168,8 +176,8 @@ class IOTestScreen(BaseTopNavScreen):
         cur_selected_button = self.key1_button
         msg_height = GUIConstants.ICON_LARGE_BUTTON_SIZE + 2*GUIConstants.COMPONENT_PADDING
         camera_message = TextArea(
-            text="Capturing image...",
-            font_size=GUIConstants.TOP_NAV_TITLE_FONT_SIZE,
+            text=_("Capturing image..."),
+            font_size=GUIConstants.get_top_nav_title_font_size(),
             is_text_centered=True,
             height=msg_height,
             screen_y=int((self.canvas_height - msg_height)/ 2),
@@ -178,21 +186,25 @@ class IOTestScreen(BaseTopNavScreen):
             input = self.hw_inputs.wait_for(keys=HardwareButtonsConstants.ALL_KEYS, check_release=False)
 
             if input == HardwareButtonsConstants.KEY1:
+                # Note that there are three distinct screen updates that happen at
+                # different times, therefore we claim the `Renderer.lock` three separate
+                # times.
                 cur_selected_button = self.key1_button
 
                 with self.renderer.lock:
-                    cur_selected_button.is_selected = True
-                    cur_selected_button.render()
-                    camera_message.render()
                     # Render edges around message box
                     self.image_draw.rectangle(
                         (
                             -1, int((self.canvas_height - msg_height)/ 2) - 1,
                             self.canvas_width + 1, int((self.canvas_height + msg_height)/ 2) + 1
                         ),
+                        fill="black",
                         outline=GUIConstants.ACCENT_COLOR,
                         width=1,
                     )
+                    cur_selected_button.is_selected = True
+                    cur_selected_button.render()
+                    camera_message.render()
                     self.renderer.show_image()
 
                 # Snap a pic, render it as the background, re-render all onscreen elements
@@ -214,7 +226,7 @@ class IOTestScreen(BaseTopNavScreen):
                     )
                     with self.renderer.lock:
                         self.canvas.paste(display_version, (0, self.top_nav.height))
-                        self.key2_button.text = "Clear"
+                        self.key2_button.text = _("Clear")
                         for component in self.components:
                             component.render()
                         self.renderer.show_image()
@@ -281,17 +293,19 @@ class IOTestScreen(BaseTopNavScreen):
 @dataclass
 class DonateScreen(BaseTopNavScreen):
     def __post_init__(self):
-        self.title = "Donate"
+        self.title = _("Donate")
         super().__post_init__()
 
         self.components.append(TextArea(
-            text="SeedSigner is 100% free & open source, funded solely by the Bitcoin community.\n\nDonate onchain or LN at:",
+            # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: If your language uses the percent sign ("%"), your translation must also use two percent signs ("%%") due to python formatting oddities. "100%%" will be rendered as "100%".
+            text=_("SeedSigner is 100%% free & open source, funded solely by the Bitcoin community.\n\nDonate onchain or LN at:").replace("%%", "%"),
             screen_y=self.top_nav.height + 3*GUIConstants.COMPONENT_PADDING,
         ))
 
         self.components.append(TextArea(
             text="seedsigner.com",
-            font_size=GUIConstants.TOP_NAV_TITLE_FONT_SIZE + 8,
+            font_name=GUIConstants.get_body_font_name(),
+            font_size=28,
             font_color=GUIConstants.ACCENT_COLOR,
             supersampling_factor=1,
             screen_y=self.components[-1].screen_y + self.components[-1].height + GUIConstants.COMPONENT_PADDING
@@ -302,20 +316,20 @@ class DonateScreen(BaseTopNavScreen):
 @dataclass
 class SettingsQRConfirmationScreen(ButtonListScreen):
     config_name: str = None
-    title: str = "Settings QR"
-    status_message: str = "Settings updated..."
+    title: str = _mft("Settings QR")
+    status_message: str = _mft("Settings updated...")
     is_bottom_list: bool = True
 
     def __post_init__(self):
         # Customize defaults
-        self.button_data = ["Home"]
+        self.button_data = [ButtonOption("Home")]
         self.show_back_button = False
         super().__post_init__()
 
         start_y = self.top_nav.height + 20
         if self.config_name:
             self.config_name_textarea = TextArea(
-                text=f'"{self.config_name}"',
+                text=f'"{self.config_name}"',  # User-supplied string (from SettingsQR); don't wrap to translate
                 is_text_centered=True,
                 auto_line_break=True,
                 screen_y=start_y
@@ -324,7 +338,7 @@ class SettingsQRConfirmationScreen(ButtonListScreen):
             start_y = self.config_name_textarea.screen_y + 50
         
         self.components.append(TextArea(
-            text=self.status_message,
+            text=_(self.status_message),
             is_text_centered=True,
             auto_line_break=True,
             screen_y=start_y

src/seedsigner/gui/screens/tools_screens.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import time
 
 from dataclasses import dataclass
+from gettext import gettext as _
 from typing import Any
 from PIL.Image import Image
 from seedsigner.hardware.camera import Camera
@@ -15,10 +16,6 @@ from seedsigner.models.settings_definition import SettingsConstants, SettingsDef
 @dataclass
 class ToolsImageEntropyLivePreviewScreen(BaseScreen):
     def __post_init__(self):
-        # Customize defaults
-        self.title = "Initializing Camera..."
-
-        # Initialize the base class
         super().__post_init__()
 
         self.camera = Camera.get_instance()
@@ -29,10 +26,9 @@ class ToolsImageEntropyLivePreviewScreen(BaseScreen):
         # save preview image frames to use as additional entropy below
         preview_images = []
         max_entropy_frames = 50
-        instructions_font = Fonts.get_font(GUIConstants.BODY_FONT_NAME, GUIConstants.BUTTON_FONT_SIZE)
+        instructions_font = Fonts.get_font(GUIConstants.get_body_font_name(), GUIConstants.get_button_font_size())
 
         while True:
-            # Check for BACK button press
             if self.hw_inputs.check_for_low(HardwareButtonsConstants.KEY_LEFT):
                 # Have to manually update last input time since we're not in a wait_for loop
                 self.hw_inputs.update_last_input_time()
@@ -53,6 +49,27 @@ class ToolsImageEntropyLivePreviewScreen(BaseScreen):
                 self.hw_inputs.update_last_input_time()
                 self.camera.stop_video_stream_mode()
 
+                with self.renderer.lock:
+                    self.renderer.canvas.paste(frame)
+
+                    self.renderer.draw.text(
+                        xy=(
+                            int(self.renderer.canvas_width/2),
+                            self.renderer.canvas_height - GUIConstants.EDGE_PADDING
+                        ),
+                        text=_("Capturing image..."),
+                        fill=GUIConstants.ACCENT_COLOR,
+                        font=instructions_font,
+                        stroke_width=4,
+                        stroke_fill=GUIConstants.BACKGROUND_COLOR,
+                        anchor="ms"
+                    )
+                    self.renderer.show_image()
+
+                return preview_images
+
+            # If we're still here, it's just another preview frame loop
+            with self.renderer.lock:
                 self.renderer.canvas.paste(frame)
 
                 self.renderer.draw.text(
@@ -60,8 +77,8 @@ class ToolsImageEntropyLivePreviewScreen(BaseScreen):
                         int(self.renderer.canvas_width/2),
                         self.renderer.canvas_height - GUIConstants.EDGE_PADDING
                     ),
-                    text="Capturing image...",
-                    fill=GUIConstants.ACCENT_COLOR,
+                    text="< " + _("back") + "  |  " + _("click joystick"),  # TODO: Render with UI elements instead of text
+                    fill=GUIConstants.BODY_FONT_COLOR,
                     font=instructions_font,
                     stroke_width=4,
                     stroke_fill=GUIConstants.BACKGROUND_COLOR,
@@ -69,25 +86,6 @@ class ToolsImageEntropyLivePreviewScreen(BaseScreen):
                 )
                 self.renderer.show_image()
 
-                return preview_images
-
-            # If we're still here, it's just another preview frame loop
-            self.renderer.canvas.paste(frame)
-
-            self.renderer.draw.text(
-                xy=(
-                    int(self.renderer.canvas_width/2),
-                    self.renderer.canvas_height - GUIConstants.EDGE_PADDING
-                ),
-                text="< back  |  click joystick",
-                fill=GUIConstants.BODY_FONT_COLOR,
-                font=instructions_font,
-                stroke_width=4,
-                stroke_fill=GUIConstants.BACKGROUND_COLOR,
-                anchor="ms"
-            )
-            self.renderer.show_image()
-
             if len(preview_images) == max_entropy_frames:
                 # Keep a moving window of the last n preview frames; pop the oldest
                 # before we add the currest frame.
@@ -101,22 +99,29 @@ class ToolsImageEntropyFinalImageScreen(BaseScreen):
     final_image: Image = None
 
     def _run(self):
-        instructions_font = Fonts.get_font(GUIConstants.BODY_FONT_NAME, GUIConstants.BUTTON_FONT_SIZE)
+        instructions_font = Fonts.get_font(GUIConstants.get_body_font_name(), GUIConstants.get_button_font_size())
 
-        self.renderer.canvas.paste(self.final_image)
-        self.renderer.draw.text(
-            xy=(
-                int(self.renderer.canvas_width/2),
-                self.renderer.canvas_height - GUIConstants.EDGE_PADDING
-            ),
-            text=" < reshoot  |  accept > ",
-            fill=GUIConstants.BODY_FONT_COLOR,
-            font=instructions_font,
-            stroke_width=4,
-            stroke_fill=GUIConstants.BACKGROUND_COLOR,
-            anchor="ms"
-        )
-        self.renderer.show_image()
+        with self.renderer.lock:
+            self.renderer.canvas.paste(self.final_image)
+
+            # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: A prompt to the user to either accept or reshoot the image
+            reshoot = _("reshoot")
+
+            # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: A prompt to the user to either accept or reshoot the image
+            accept = _("accept")
+            self.renderer.draw.text(
+                xy=(
+                    int(self.renderer.canvas_width/2),
+                    self.renderer.canvas_height - GUIConstants.EDGE_PADDING
+                ),
+                text=" < " + reshoot + "  |  " + accept + " > ",
+                fill=GUIConstants.BODY_FONT_COLOR,
+                font=instructions_font,
+                stroke_width=4,
+                stroke_fill=GUIConstants.BACKGROUND_COLOR,
+                anchor="ms"
+            )
+            self.renderer.show_image()
 
         input = self.hw_inputs.wait_for([HardwareButtonsConstants.KEY_LEFT, HardwareButtonsConstants.KEY_RIGHT])
         if input == HardwareButtonsConstants.KEY_LEFT:
@@ -126,9 +131,10 @@ class ToolsImageEntropyFinalImageScreen(BaseScreen):
 
 @dataclass
 class ToolsDiceEntropyEntryScreen(KeyboardScreen):
+
     def __post_init__(self):
-        # Override values set by the parent class
-        self.title = f"Dice Roll 1/{self.return_after_n_chars}"
+        # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: current roll number vs total rolls (e.g. roll 7 of 50)
+        self.title = _("Dice Roll {}/{}").format(1, self.return_after_n_chars)
 
         # Specify the keys in the keyboard
         self.rows = 3
@@ -159,7 +165,7 @@ class ToolsDiceEntropyEntryScreen(KeyboardScreen):
     
 
     def update_title(self) -> bool:
-        self.title = f"Dice Roll {self.cursor_position + 1}/{self.return_after_n_chars}"
+        self.title = _("Dice Roll {}/{}").format(self.cursor_position + 1, self.return_after_n_chars)
         return True
 
 
@@ -170,13 +176,15 @@ class ToolsCalcFinalWordFinalizePromptScreen(ButtonListScreen):
     num_entropy_bits: int = None
 
     def __post_init__(self):
-        self.title = "Build Final Word"
+        # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: Build the last word in a 12 or 24 word BIP-39 mnemonic seed phrase.
+        self.title = _("Build Final Word")
         self.is_bottom_list = True
         self.is_button_text_centered = True
         super().__post_init__()
 
         self.components.append(TextArea(
-            text=f"The {self.mnemonic_length}th word is built from {self.num_entropy_bits} more entropy bits plus auto-calculated checksum.",
+            # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: Number of BIP-39 seed words, and the entropy -- in bits, contained within.
+            text=_("The {}th word is built from {} more entropy bits plus auto-calculated checksum.").format(self.mnemonic_length, self.num_entropy_bits),
             screen_y=self.top_nav.height + int(GUIConstants.COMPONENT_PADDING/2),
         ))
 
@@ -186,29 +194,33 @@ class ToolsCalcFinalWordFinalizePromptScreen(ButtonListScreen):
 class ToolsCoinFlipEntryScreen(KeyboardScreen):
     def __post_init__(self):
         # Override values set by the parent class
-        self.title = f"Coin Flip 1/{self.return_after_n_chars}"
+        # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: current coin-flip number vs total flips (e.g. flip 3 of 4)
+        self.title = _("Coin Flip {}/{}").format(1, self.return_after_n_chars)
 
         # Specify the keys in the keyboard
         self.rows = 1
         self.cols = 4
-        self.key_height = GUIConstants.TOP_NAV_TITLE_FONT_SIZE + 2 + 2*GUIConstants.EDGE_PADDING
+        self.key_height = GUIConstants.get_top_nav_title_font_size() + 2 + 2*GUIConstants.EDGE_PADDING
         self.keys_charset = "10"
 
         # Now initialize the parent class
         super().__post_init__()
     
         self.components.append(TextArea(
-            text="Heads = 1",
+            # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: How we call the "front" side result during a coin toss.
+            text=_("Heads = 1"),
             screen_y = self.keyboard.rect[3] + 4*GUIConstants.COMPONENT_PADDING,
         ))
         self.components.append(TextArea(
-            text="Tails = 0",
+            # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: How we call the "back" side result during a coin toss.
+            text=_("Tails = 0"),
             screen_y = self.components[-1].screen_y + self.components[-1].height + GUIConstants.COMPONENT_PADDING,
         ))
 
 
     def update_title(self) -> bool:
-        self.title = f"Coin Flip {self.cursor_position + 1}/{self.return_after_n_chars}"
+        # l10n_note already done.
+        self.title = _("Coin Flip {}/{}").format(self.cursor_position + 1, self.return_after_n_chars)
         return True
 
 
@@ -225,7 +237,7 @@ class ToolsCalcFinalWordScreen(ButtonListScreen):
         super().__post_init__()
 
         # First what's the total bit display width and where do the checksum bits start?
-        bit_font_size = GUIConstants.BUTTON_FONT_SIZE + 2
+        bit_font_size = GUIConstants.get_button_font_size() + 2
         font = Fonts.get_font(GUIConstants.FIXED_WIDTH_EMPHASIS_FONT_NAME, bit_font_size)
         (left, top, bit_display_width, bit_font_height) = font.getbbox("0" * 11, anchor="lt")
         (left, top, checksum_x, bottom) = font.getbbox("0" * (11 - len(self.checksum_bits)), anchor="lt")
@@ -249,8 +261,10 @@ class ToolsCalcFinalWordScreen(ButtonListScreen):
             # significant n bits always rendered in same column)
             discard_selected_bits = "_" * (len(self.checksum_bits))
 
+        # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: The additional entropy the user supplied (e.g. coin flips)
+        your_input = _('Your input: "{}"').format(selection_text)
         self.components.append(TextArea(
-            text=f"""Your input: \"{selection_text}\"""",
+            text=your_input,
             screen_y=self.top_nav.height + GUIConstants.COMPONENT_PADDING - 2,  # Nudge to last line doesn't get too close to "Next" button
             height_ignores_below_baseline=True,  # Keep the next line (bits display) snugged up, regardless of text rendering below the baseline
         ))
@@ -285,7 +299,8 @@ class ToolsCalcFinalWordScreen(ButtonListScreen):
 
         # Show the checksum..
         self.components.append(TextArea(
-            text="Checksum",
+            # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: A function of "x" to be used for detecting errors in "x"
+            text=_("Checksum"),
             edge_padding=0,
             screen_y=first_bits_line.screen_y + first_bits_line.height + 2*GUIConstants.COMPONENT_PADDING,
         ))
@@ -321,7 +336,8 @@ class ToolsCalcFinalWordScreen(ButtonListScreen):
 
         # And now the *actual* final word after merging the bit data
         self.components.append(TextArea(
-            text=f"""Final Word: \"{self.actual_final_word}\"""",
+            # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: labeled presentation of the last word in a BIP-39 mnemonic seed phrase.
+            text=_('Final Word: "{}"').format(self.actual_final_word),
             screen_y=self.components[-1].screen_y + self.components[-1].height + 2*GUIConstants.COMPONENT_PADDING,
             height_ignores_below_baseline=True,  # Keep the next line (bits display) snugged up, regardless of text rendering below the baseline
         ))
@@ -361,15 +377,20 @@ class ToolsCalcFinalWordDoneScreen(ButtonListScreen):
     fingerprint: str = None
 
     def __post_init__(self):
-        # Customize defaults
-        self.title = f"{self.mnemonic_word_length}th Word"
+        # Manually specify 12 vs 24 case for easier ordinal translation
+        if self.mnemonic_word_length == 12:
+            # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: a label for the last word of a 12-word BIP-39 mnemonic seed phrase
+            self.title = _("12th Word")
+        else:
+            # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: a label for the last word of a 24-word BIP-39 mnemonic seed phrase
+            self.title = _("24th Word")
         self.is_bottom_list = True
 
         super().__post_init__()
 
         self.components.append(TextArea(
             text=f"""\"{self.final_word}\"""",
-            font_size=GUIConstants.TOP_NAV_TITLE_FONT_SIZE + 6,
+            font_size=26,
             is_text_centered=True,
             screen_y=self.top_nav.height + GUIConstants.COMPONENT_PADDING,
         ))
@@ -377,7 +398,8 @@ class ToolsCalcFinalWordDoneScreen(ButtonListScreen):
         self.components.append(IconTextLine(
             icon_name=SeedSignerIconConstants.FINGERPRINT,
             icon_color=GUIConstants.INFO_COLOR,
-            label_text="fingerprint",
+            # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: a label for the shortened Key-id of a BIP-32 master HD wallet
+            label_text=_("fingerprint"),
             value_text=self.fingerprint,
             is_text_centered=True,
             screen_y=self.components[-1].screen_y + self.components[-1].height + 3*GUIConstants.COMPONENT_PADDING,
@@ -393,7 +415,8 @@ class ToolsAddressExplorerAddressTypeScreen(ButtonListScreen):
     custom_derivation_path: str = None
 
     def __post_init__(self):
-        self.title = "Address Explorer"
+        # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: a label for the tool to explore public addresses for this seed.
+        self.title = _("Address Explorer")
         self.is_bottom_list = True
         super().__post_init__()
 
@@ -401,7 +424,8 @@ class ToolsAddressExplorerAddressTypeScreen(ButtonListScreen):
             self.components.append(IconTextLine(
                 icon_name=SeedSignerIconConstants.FINGERPRINT,
                 icon_color=GUIConstants.INFO_COLOR,
-                label_text="Fingerprint",
+                # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: a label for the shortened Key-id of a BIP-32 master HD wallet
+                label_text=_("Fingerprint"),
                 value_text=self.fingerprint,
                 screen_x=GUIConstants.EDGE_PADDING,
                 screen_y=self.top_nav.height + GUIConstants.COMPONENT_PADDING,
@@ -410,7 +434,8 @@ class ToolsAddressExplorerAddressTypeScreen(ButtonListScreen):
             if self.script_type != SettingsConstants.CUSTOM_DERIVATION:
                 self.components.append(IconTextLine(
                     icon_name=SeedSignerIconConstants.DERIVATION,
-                    label_text="Derivation",
+                    # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: a label for the derivation-path into a BIP-32 HD wallet
+                    label_text=_("Derivation"),
                     value_text=SettingsDefinition.get_settings_entry(attr_name=SettingsConstants.SETTING__SCRIPT_TYPES).get_selection_option_display_name_by_value(value=self.script_type),
                     screen_x=GUIConstants.EDGE_PADDING,
                     screen_y=self.components[-1].screen_y + self.components[-1].height + 2*GUIConstants.COMPONENT_PADDING,
@@ -418,7 +443,8 @@ class ToolsAddressExplorerAddressTypeScreen(ButtonListScreen):
             else:
                 self.components.append(IconTextLine(
                     icon_name=SeedSignerIconConstants.DERIVATION,
-                    label_text="Derivation",
+                    # l10n_note already exists.
+                    label_text=_("Derivation"),
                     value_text=self.custom_derivation_path,
                     screen_x=GUIConstants.EDGE_PADDING,
                     screen_y=self.components[-1].screen_y + self.components[-1].height + 2*GUIConstants.COMPONENT_PADDING,
@@ -426,7 +452,8 @@ class ToolsAddressExplorerAddressTypeScreen(ButtonListScreen):
 
         else:
             self.components.append(IconTextLine(
-                label_text="Wallet descriptor",
+                # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: a label for a BIP-380-ish Output Descriptor
+                label_text=_("Wallet descriptor"),
                 value_text=self.wallet_descriptor_display_name,
                 is_text_centered=True,
                 screen_x=GUIConstants.EDGE_PADDING,

src/seedsigner/gui/toast.py

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 import logging
 import time
 from dataclasses import dataclass
+from gettext import gettext as _
+
 from seedsigner.gui.components import BaseComponent, GUIConstants, Icon, SeedSignerIconConstants, TextArea
 from seedsigner.models.threads import BaseThread
 
@@ -187,21 +189,26 @@ class BaseToastOverlayManagerThread(BaseThread):
 
 
 class RemoveSDCardToastManagerThread(BaseToastOverlayManagerThread):
-    def __init__(self, activation_delay=3):
-        # Note: activation_delay is configurable so the screenshot generator can get the
-        # toast to immediately render.
+    def __init__(self, activation_delay: int = 3, duration: int = 1e6):
+        """
+            * activation_delay: configurable so the screenshot generator can get the
+                toast to immediately render.
+            * duration: default value is essentially forever. Overrideable for the
+                screenshot generator.
+        """
         super().__init__(
-            activation_delay=activation_delay,  # seconds
-            duration=1e6,                       # seconds ("forever")
+            activation_delay=activation_delay,
+            duration=duration,
         )
 
 
     def instantiate_toast(self) -> ToastOverlay:
+        body_font_size = GUIConstants.get_body_font_size()
         return ToastOverlay(
             icon_name=SeedSignerIconConstants.MICROSD,
-            label_text="You can remove\nthe SD card now",
-            font_size=GUIConstants.BODY_FONT_SIZE,
-            height=GUIConstants.BODY_FONT_SIZE * 2 + GUIConstants.BODY_LINE_SPACING + GUIConstants.EDGE_PADDING,
+            label_text=_("You can remove\nthe SD card now"),
+            font_size=body_font_size,
+            height=body_font_size * 2 + GUIConstants.BODY_LINE_SPACING + GUIConstants.EDGE_PADDING,
         )
 
 
@@ -219,7 +226,7 @@ class SDCardStateChangeToastManagerThread(BaseToastOverlayManagerThread):
         from seedsigner.hardware.microsd import MicroSD
         if action not in [MicroSD.ACTION__INSERTED, MicroSD.ACTION__REMOVED]:
             raise Exception(f"Invalid MicroSD action: {action}")
-        self.message = "SD card removed" if action == MicroSD.ACTION__REMOVED else "SD card inserted"
+        self.message = _("SD card removed") if action == MicroSD.ACTION__REMOVED else _("SD card inserted")
 
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 

src/seedsigner/hardware/buttons.py

@@ -65,6 +65,15 @@ class HardwareButtons(Singleton):
         return cls._instance
 
 
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_instance_no_hardware(cls):
+        # This is the only way to access the one and only instance
+        if cls._instance is None:
+            cls._instance = cls.__new__(cls)
+
+
+
     def wait_for(self, keys=[], check_release=True, release_keys=[]) -> int:
         # TODO: Refactor to keep control in the Controller and not here
         from seedsigner.controller import Controller

src/seedsigner/hardware/camera.py

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import io
 
-from picamera import PiCamera
 from PIL import Image
 from seedsigner.hardware.pivideostream import PiVideoStream
 from seedsigner.models.settings import Settings, SettingsConstants
@@ -23,6 +22,7 @@ class Camera(Singleton):
 
 
     def start_video_stream_mode(self, resolution=(512, 384), framerate=12, format="bgr"):
+        from seedsigner.hardware.pivideostream import PiVideoStream
         if self._video_stream is not None:
             self.stop_video_stream_mode()
 
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ class Camera(Singleton):
 
 
     def start_single_frame_mode(self, resolution=(720, 480)):
+        from picamera import PiCamera
         if self._video_stream is not None:
             self.stop_video_stream_mode()
         if self._picamera is not None:

src/seedsigner/helpers/embit_utils.py

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ def get_standard_derivation_path(network: str = SettingsConstants.MAINNET, walle
         elif script_type == SettingsConstants.NATIVE_SEGWIT:
             return f"m/48'/{network_path}/0'/2'"
         elif script_type == SettingsConstants.TAPROOT:
-            raise Exception("Taproot multisig/musig not yet supported")
+            raise Exception("Taproot multisig not yet supported")
         else:
             raise Exception("Unexpected script type")
     else:

src/seedsigner/helpers/l10n.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+def mark_for_translation(message: str) -> str:
+    # Wraps the target string literal for translation but does NOT return the translated string.
+    return message

src/seedsigner/helpers/qr.py

@@ -102,6 +102,6 @@ class QR:
         # if qrencode fails, fall back to only encoder
         if rv != 0:
             return self.qrimage(data,width,height,border)
-        img = Image.open("/tmp/qrcode.png").resize((width,height), Image.NEAREST).convert("RGBA")
+        img = Image.open("/tmp/qrcode.png").resize((width,height), Image.Resampling.NEAREST).convert("RGBA")
 
         return img

src/seedsigner/models/seed.py

@@ -78,6 +78,11 @@ class Seed:
         return unicodedata.normalize("NFC", " ".join(self._mnemonic)).split()
 
 
+    @property
+    def has_passphrase(self):
+        return self._passphrase != ""
+
+
     @property
     def passphrase(self):
         return self._passphrase

src/seedsigner/models/settings.py

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
+import gettext
 import logging
 import json
 import os
+import pathlib
 import platform
 
 from typing import List
@@ -36,6 +38,19 @@ class Settings(Singleton):
                 with open(Settings.SETTINGS_FILENAME) as settings_file:
                     settings.update(json.load(settings_file))
 
+            # Setup multilanguage support
+            path = os.path.join(
+                pathlib.Path(__file__).parent.resolve().parent.resolve(),
+                "resources",
+                "seedsigner-translations",
+                "l10n"
+            )
+            gettext.bindtextdomain('messages', localedir=path)
+            gettext.textdomain('messages')
+
+            # Load default/persistent locale setting
+            settings.load_locale()
+
         return cls._instance
 
 
@@ -141,11 +156,8 @@ class Settings(Singleton):
                         # Break comma-separated SettingsQR input into List
                         new_settings[entry.attr_name] = new_settings[entry.attr_name].split(",")
 
-        # Can't just merge the _data dict; have to replace keys they have in common
-        #   (otherwise list values will be merged instead of replaced).
         for key, value in new_settings.items():
-            self._data.pop(key, None)
-            self._data[key] = value
+            self.set_value(key, value)
 
 
     def set_value(self, attr_name: str, value: any):
@@ -155,7 +167,9 @@ class Settings(Singleton):
             Note that for multiselect, the value must be a List.
         """
         if attr_name not in self._data:
-            raise Exception(f"Setting for {attr_name} not found")
+            # Outdated settings
+            print(f"Setting {attr_name} not recognized. Ignoring.")
+            return
 
         if SettingsDefinition.get_settings_entry(attr_name).type == SettingsConstants.TYPE__MULTISELECT:
             if type(value) != list:
@@ -171,7 +185,11 @@ class Settings(Singleton):
                 
         self._data[attr_name] = value
         self.save()
-    
+
+        # Special handling for localization
+        if attr_name == SettingsConstants.SETTING__LOCALE:
+            self.load_locale()
+
 
     def get_value(self, attr_name: str):
         """
@@ -222,13 +240,22 @@ class Settings(Singleton):
         return display_names
 
 
+    def load_locale(self):
+        locale = self.get_value(SettingsConstants.SETTING__LOCALE)
+        os.environ['LANGUAGE'] = locale
+
+        # Re-initialize with the new locale
+        print(f"Set LANGUAGE locale to {os.environ['LANGUAGE']}")
+
+
+
     """
         Intentionally keeping the properties very limited to avoid an expectation of
         boilerplate property code for every SettingsEntry.
 
         It's more cumbersome, but instead use:
 
-        settings.get_value(SettingsConstants.SETTING__MY_SETTING_ATTR)
+        Settings.get_instance().get_value(SettingsConstants.SETTING__MY_SETTING_ATTR)
     """
     @property
     def debug(self) -> bool:

src/seedsigner/models/settings_definition.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from typing import Any, List
 
+from seedsigner.helpers.l10n import mark_for_translation as _mft
 
 
 class SettingsConstants:
@@ -10,25 +11,25 @@ class SettingsConstants:
     OPTION__PROMPT = "P"
     OPTION__REQUIRED = "R"
     OPTIONS__ENABLED_DISABLED = [
-        (OPTION__ENABLED, "Enabled"),
-        (OPTION__DISABLED, "Disabled"),
+        (OPTION__ENABLED, _mft("Enabled")),
+        (OPTION__DISABLED, _mft("Disabled")),
     ]
     OPTIONS__ONLY_DISABLED = [
-        (OPTION__DISABLED, "Disabled"),
+        (OPTION__DISABLED, _mft("Disabled")),
     ]
     OPTIONS__PROMPT_REQUIRED_DISABLED = [
-        (OPTION__PROMPT, "Prompt"),
-        (OPTION__REQUIRED, "Required"),
-        (OPTION__DISABLED, "Disabled"),
+        (OPTION__PROMPT, _mft("Prompt")),
+        (OPTION__REQUIRED, _mft("Required")),
+        (OPTION__DISABLED, _mft("Disabled")),
     ]
     OPTIONS__ENABLED_DISABLED_REQUIRED = OPTIONS__ENABLED_DISABLED +[
-        (OPTION__REQUIRED, "Required"),
+        (OPTION__REQUIRED, _mft("Required")),
     ]
     OPTIONS__ENABLED_DISABLED_PROMPT = OPTIONS__ENABLED_DISABLED + [
-        (OPTION__PROMPT, "Prompt"),
+        (OPTION__PROMPT, _mft("Prompt")),
     ]
     ALL_OPTIONS = OPTIONS__ENABLED_DISABLED_PROMPT + [
-        (OPTION__REQUIRED, "Required"),
+        (OPTION__REQUIRED, _mft("Required")),
     ]
 
     # User-facing selection options
@@ -45,9 +46,30 @@ class SettingsConstants:
         (COORDINATOR__KEEPER, "Keeper"),
     ]
 
-    LANGUAGE__ENGLISH = "en"
-    ALL_LANGUAGES = [
-        (LANGUAGE__ENGLISH, "English"),
+    LOCALE__ARABIC = "ar"
+    LOCALE__CZECH = "cs"
+    LOCALE__ENGLISH = "en"
+    LOCALE__FRENCH = "fr"
+    LOCALE__GERMAN = "de"
+    LOCALE__HEBREW = "he"
+    LOCALE__JAPANESE = "ja"
+    LOCALE__KOREAN = "kr"
+    LOCALE__PORTUGUESE = "pt"
+    LOCALE__RUSSIAN = "ru"
+    LOCALE__SPANISH = "es"
+    # Do not wrap for translation; always present each language in its native form
+    ALL_LOCALES = [
+        # (LOCALE__ARABIC, "Arabic"),
+        # (LOCALE__CZECH, "čeština"),
+        (LOCALE__ENGLISH, "English"),
+        # (LOCALE__FRENCH, "Français"),
+        # (LOCALE__GERMAN, "Deutsch"),
+        # (LOCALE__HEBREW, "Hebrew"),
+        # (LOCALE__JAPANESE, "Japanese"),
+        # (LOCALE__KOREAN, "Korean"),
+        # (LOCALE__PORTUGUESE, "Português"),
+        # (LOCALE__RUSSIAN, "русский"),
+        (LOCALE__SPANISH, "Español"),
     ]
 
     BTC_DENOMINATION__BTC = "btc"
@@ -55,10 +77,10 @@ class SettingsConstants:
     BTC_DENOMINATION__THRESHOLD = "thr"
     BTC_DENOMINATION__BTCSATSHYBRID = "hyb"
     ALL_BTC_DENOMINATIONS = [
-        (BTC_DENOMINATION__BTC, "BTC"),
-        (BTC_DENOMINATION__SATS, "sats"),
-        (BTC_DENOMINATION__THRESHOLD, "Threshold at 0.01"),
-        (BTC_DENOMINATION__BTCSATSHYBRID, "BTC | sats hybrid"),
+        (BTC_DENOMINATION__BTC, _mft("BTC")),
+        (BTC_DENOMINATION__SATS, _mft("sats")),
+        (BTC_DENOMINATION__THRESHOLD, _mft("Threshold at 0.01")),
+        (BTC_DENOMINATION__BTCSATSHYBRID, _mft("BTC | sats hybrid")),
     ]
 
     CAMERA_ROTATION__0 = 0
@@ -66,20 +88,26 @@ class SettingsConstants:
     CAMERA_ROTATION__180 = 180
     CAMERA_ROTATION__270 = 270
     ALL_CAMERA_ROTATIONS = [
-        (CAMERA_ROTATION__0, "0°"),
-        (CAMERA_ROTATION__90, "90°"),
-        (CAMERA_ROTATION__180, "180°"),
-        (CAMERA_ROTATION__270, "270°"),
+        (CAMERA_ROTATION__0, _mft("0°")),
+        (CAMERA_ROTATION__90, _mft("90°")),
+        (CAMERA_ROTATION__180, _mft("180°")),
+        (CAMERA_ROTATION__270, _mft("270°")),
     ]
 
     # QR code constants
     DENSITY__LOW = "L"
     DENSITY__MEDIUM = "M"
     DENSITY__HIGH = "H"
+    # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: QR code density option: Low, Medium, High
+    density_low = _mft("Low")
+    # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: QR code density option: Low, Medium, High
+    density_medium = _mft("Medium")
+    # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: QR code density option: Low, Medium, High
+    density_high = _mft("High")
     ALL_DENSITIES = [
-        (DENSITY__LOW, "Low"),
-        (DENSITY__MEDIUM, "Medium"),
-        (DENSITY__HIGH, "High"),
+        (DENSITY__LOW, density_low),
+        (DENSITY__MEDIUM, density_medium),
+        (DENSITY__HIGH, density_high),
     ]
 
     # Seed-related constants
@@ -87,13 +115,14 @@ class SettingsConstants:
     TESTNET = "T"
     REGTEST = "R"
     ALL_NETWORKS = [
-        (MAINNET, "Mainnet"),
-        (TESTNET, "Testnet"),
-        (REGTEST, "Regtest")
+        (MAINNET, _mft("Mainnet")),
+        (TESTNET, _mft("Testnet")),
+        (REGTEST, _mft("Regtest"))
     ]
 
     @classmethod
     def map_network_to_embit(cls, network) -> str:
+        # Note these are `embit` constants; do not wrap for translation
         if network == SettingsConstants.MAINNET:
             return "main"
         elif network == SettingsConstants.TESTNET:
@@ -101,14 +130,14 @@ class SettingsConstants:
         if network == SettingsConstants.REGTEST:
             return "regtest"
     
-    PERSISTENT_SETTINGS__SD_INSERTED__HELP_TEXT = "Store Settings on SD card"
-    PERSISTENT_SETTINGS__SD_REMOVED__HELP_TEXT = "Insert SD card to enable"
+    PERSISTENT_SETTINGS__SD_INSERTED__HELP_TEXT = _mft("Store Settings on SD card")
+    PERSISTENT_SETTINGS__SD_REMOVED__HELP_TEXT = _mft("Insert SD card to enable")
 
     SINGLE_SIG = "ss"
     MULTISIG = "ms"
     ALL_SIG_TYPES = [
-        (SINGLE_SIG, "Single Sig"),
-        (MULTISIG, "Multisig"),
+        (SINGLE_SIG, _mft("Single Sig")),
+        (MULTISIG, _mft("Multisig")),
     ]
 
     LEGACY_P2PKH = "leg"
@@ -117,11 +146,11 @@ class SettingsConstants:
     TAPROOT = "tr"
     CUSTOM_DERIVATION = "cus"
     ALL_SCRIPT_TYPES = [
-        (NATIVE_SEGWIT, "Native Segwit"),
-        (NESTED_SEGWIT, "Nested Segwit"),
-        (LEGACY_P2PKH, "Legacy"),
-        (TAPROOT, "Taproot"),
-        (CUSTOM_DERIVATION, "Custom Derivation"),
+        (NATIVE_SEGWIT, _mft("Native Segwit")),
+        (NESTED_SEGWIT, _mft("Nested Segwit")),
+        (LEGACY_P2PKH, _mft("Legacy")),
+        (TAPROOT, _mft("Taproot")),
+        (CUSTOM_DERIVATION, _mft("Custom Derivation")),
     ]
 
     WORDLIST_LANGUAGE__ENGLISH = "en"
@@ -145,7 +174,8 @@ class SettingsConstants:
 
     
     # Individual SettingsEntry attr_names
-    SETTING__LANGUAGE = "language"
+    # Note: attr_names are internal constants; do not wrap for translation
+    SETTING__LOCALE = "locale"
     SETTING__WORDLIST_LANGUAGE = "wordlist_language"
     SETTING__PERSISTENT_SETTINGS = "persistent_settings"
     SETTING__COORDINATORS = "coordinators"
@@ -207,8 +237,10 @@ class SettingsConstants:
     ELECTRUM_PBKDF2_ROUNDS=2048
 
     # Label strings
-    LABEL__BIP39_PASSPHRASE = "BIP-39 Passphrase"
-    LABEL__CUSTOM_EXTENSION = "Custom Extension"   # Terminology used by Electrum seeds
+    LABEL__BIP39_PASSPHRASE = _mft("BIP-39 Passphrase")
+    # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: Terminology used by Electrum seeds; equivalent to bip39 passphrase
+    custom_extension = _mft("Custom Extension")
+    LABEL__CUSTOM_EXTENSION = custom_extension
 
 
 
@@ -279,7 +311,7 @@ class SettingsEntry:
                 option_value = option
                 display_name = option
             if option_value == value:
-                return display_name
+                return _mft(display_name)
 
 
     def get_selection_option_value_by_display_name(self, display_name: str):
@@ -345,21 +377,19 @@ class SettingsDefinition:
     settings_entries: List[SettingsEntry] = [
         # General options
 
-        # TODO: Full babel multilanguage support! Until then, type == HIDDEN
         SettingsEntry(category=SettingsConstants.CATEGORY__SYSTEM,
-                      attr_name=SettingsConstants.SETTING__LANGUAGE,
+                      attr_name=SettingsConstants.SETTING__LOCALE,
                       abbreviated_name="lang",
-                      display_name="Language",
+                      display_name=_mft("Language"),
                       type=SettingsConstants.TYPE__SELECT_1,
-                      visibility=SettingsConstants.VISIBILITY__HIDDEN,
-                      selection_options=SettingsConstants.ALL_LANGUAGES,
-                      default_value=SettingsConstants.LANGUAGE__ENGLISH),
+                      selection_options=SettingsConstants.ALL_LOCALES,
+                      default_value=SettingsConstants.LOCALE__ENGLISH),
 
         # TODO: Support other bip-39 wordlist languages! Until then, type == HIDDEN
         SettingsEntry(category=SettingsConstants.CATEGORY__SYSTEM,
                       attr_name=SettingsConstants.SETTING__WORDLIST_LANGUAGE,
                       abbreviated_name="wordlist_lang",
-                      display_name="Mnemonic language",
+                      display_name=_mft("Mnemonic language"),
                       type=SettingsConstants.TYPE__SELECT_1,
                       visibility=SettingsConstants.VISIBILITY__HIDDEN,
                       selection_options=SettingsConstants.ALL_WORDLIST_LANGUAGES,
@@ -368,14 +398,14 @@ class SettingsDefinition:
         SettingsEntry(category=SettingsConstants.CATEGORY__SYSTEM,
                       attr_name=SettingsConstants.SETTING__PERSISTENT_SETTINGS,
                       abbreviated_name="persistent",
-                      display_name="Persistent settings",
+                      display_name=_mft("Persistent settings"),
                       help_text=SettingsConstants.PERSISTENT_SETTINGS__SD_INSERTED__HELP_TEXT,
                       default_value=SettingsConstants.OPTION__DISABLED),
 
         SettingsEntry(category=SettingsConstants.CATEGORY__WALLET,
                       attr_name=SettingsConstants.SETTING__COORDINATORS,
                       abbreviated_name="coords",
-                      display_name="Coordinator software",
+                      display_name=_mft("Coordinator software"),
                       type=SettingsConstants.TYPE__MULTISELECT,
                       selection_options=SettingsConstants.ALL_COORDINATORS,
                       default_value=[
@@ -388,7 +418,7 @@ class SettingsDefinition:
         SettingsEntry(category=SettingsConstants.CATEGORY__SYSTEM,
                       attr_name=SettingsConstants.SETTING__BTC_DENOMINATION,
                       abbreviated_name="denom",
-                      display_name="Denomination display",
+                      display_name=_mft("Denomination display"),
                       type=SettingsConstants.TYPE__SELECT_1,
                       selection_options=SettingsConstants.ALL_BTC_DENOMINATIONS,
                       default_value=SettingsConstants.BTC_DENOMINATION__THRESHOLD),
@@ -397,7 +427,7 @@ class SettingsDefinition:
         # Advanced options
         SettingsEntry(category=SettingsConstants.CATEGORY__FEATURES,
                       attr_name=SettingsConstants.SETTING__NETWORK,
-                      display_name="Bitcoin network",
+                      display_name=_mft("Bitcoin network"),
                       type=SettingsConstants.TYPE__SELECT_1,
                       visibility=SettingsConstants.VISIBILITY__ADVANCED,
                       selection_options=SettingsConstants.ALL_NETWORKS,
@@ -405,7 +435,7 @@ class SettingsDefinition:
 
         SettingsEntry(category=SettingsConstants.CATEGORY__FEATURES,
                       attr_name=SettingsConstants.SETTING__QR_DENSITY,
-                      display_name="QR code density",
+                      display_name=_mft("QR code density"),
                       type=SettingsConstants.TYPE__SELECT_1,
                       visibility=SettingsConstants.VISIBILITY__ADVANCED,
                       selection_options=SettingsConstants.ALL_DENSITIES,
@@ -413,14 +443,14 @@ class SettingsDefinition:
 
         SettingsEntry(category=SettingsConstants.CATEGORY__FEATURES,
                       attr_name=SettingsConstants.SETTING__XPUB_EXPORT,
-                      display_name="Xpub export",
+                      display_name=_mft("Xpub export"),
                       visibility=SettingsConstants.VISIBILITY__ADVANCED,
                       default_value=SettingsConstants.OPTION__ENABLED),
 
         SettingsEntry(category=SettingsConstants.CATEGORY__FEATURES,
                       attr_name=SettingsConstants.SETTING__SIG_TYPES,
                       abbreviated_name="sigs",
-                      display_name="Sig types",
+                      display_name=_mft("Sig types"),
                       type=SettingsConstants.TYPE__MULTISELECT,
                       visibility=SettingsConstants.VISIBILITY__ADVANCED,
                       selection_options=SettingsConstants.ALL_SIG_TYPES,
@@ -429,7 +459,7 @@ class SettingsDefinition:
         SettingsEntry(category=SettingsConstants.CATEGORY__FEATURES,
                       attr_name=SettingsConstants.SETTING__SCRIPT_TYPES,
                       abbreviated_name="scripts",
-                      display_name="Script types",
+                      display_name=_mft("Script types"),
                       type=SettingsConstants.TYPE__MULTISELECT,
                       visibility=SettingsConstants.VISIBILITY__ADVANCED,
                       selection_options=SettingsConstants.ALL_SCRIPT_TYPES,
@@ -437,13 +467,13 @@ class SettingsDefinition:
 
         SettingsEntry(category=SettingsConstants.CATEGORY__FEATURES,
                       attr_name=SettingsConstants.SETTING__XPUB_DETAILS,
-                      display_name="Show xpub details",
+                      display_name=_mft("Show xpub details"),
                       visibility=SettingsConstants.VISIBILITY__ADVANCED,
                       default_value=SettingsConstants.OPTION__ENABLED),
 
         SettingsEntry(category=SettingsConstants.CATEGORY__FEATURES,
                       attr_name=SettingsConstants.SETTING__PASSPHRASE,
-                      display_name="BIP-39 passphrase",
+                      display_name=_mft("BIP-39 passphrase"),
                       type=SettingsConstants.TYPE__SELECT_1,
                       visibility=SettingsConstants.VISIBILITY__ADVANCED,
                       selection_options=SettingsConstants.OPTIONS__ENABLED_DISABLED_REQUIRED,
@@ -452,7 +482,7 @@ class SettingsDefinition:
         SettingsEntry(category=SettingsConstants.CATEGORY__FEATURES,
                       attr_name=SettingsConstants.SETTING__CAMERA_ROTATION,
                       abbreviated_name="camera",
-                      display_name="Camera rotation",
+                      display_name=_mft("Camera rotation"),
                       type=SettingsConstants.TYPE__SELECT_1,
                       visibility=SettingsConstants.VISIBILITY__ADVANCED,
                       selection_options=SettingsConstants.ALL_CAMERA_ROTATIONS,
@@ -460,14 +490,14 @@ class SettingsDefinition:
 
         SettingsEntry(category=SettingsConstants.CATEGORY__FEATURES,
                       attr_name=SettingsConstants.SETTING__COMPACT_SEEDQR,
-                      display_name="CompactSeedQR",
+                      display_name=_mft("Compact SeedQR"),
                       visibility=SettingsConstants.VISIBILITY__ADVANCED,
                       default_value=SettingsConstants.OPTION__ENABLED),
 
         SettingsEntry(category=SettingsConstants.CATEGORY__FEATURES,
                       attr_name=SettingsConstants.SETTING__BIP85_CHILD_SEEDS,
                       abbreviated_name="bip85",
-                      display_name="BIP-85 child seeds",
+                      display_name=_mft("BIP-85 child seeds"),
                       visibility=SettingsConstants.VISIBILITY__ADVANCED,
                       default_value=SettingsConstants.OPTION__DISABLED),
 
@@ -475,40 +505,40 @@ class SettingsDefinition:
                       attr_name=SettingsConstants.SETTING__ELECTRUM_SEEDS,
                       abbreviated_name="electrum",
                       display_name="Electrum seeds",
-                      help_text="Native Segwit only",
+                      help_text=_mft("Native Segwit only"),
                       visibility=SettingsConstants.VISIBILITY__ADVANCED,
                       default_value=SettingsConstants.OPTION__DISABLED),
 
         SettingsEntry(category=SettingsConstants.CATEGORY__FEATURES,
                       attr_name=SettingsConstants.SETTING__MESSAGE_SIGNING,
-                      display_name="Message signing",
+                      display_name=_mft("Message signing"),
                       visibility=SettingsConstants.VISIBILITY__ADVANCED,
                       default_value=SettingsConstants.OPTION__DISABLED),
 
         SettingsEntry(category=SettingsConstants.CATEGORY__FEATURES,
                       attr_name=SettingsConstants.SETTING__PRIVACY_WARNINGS,
                       abbreviated_name="priv_warn",
-                      display_name="Show privacy warnings",
+                      display_name=_mft("Show privacy warnings"),
                       visibility=SettingsConstants.VISIBILITY__ADVANCED,
                       default_value=SettingsConstants.OPTION__ENABLED),
 
         SettingsEntry(category=SettingsConstants.CATEGORY__FEATURES,
                       attr_name=SettingsConstants.SETTING__DIRE_WARNINGS,
                       abbreviated_name="dire_warn",
-                      display_name="Show dire warnings",
+                      display_name=_mft("Show dire warnings"),
                       visibility=SettingsConstants.VISIBILITY__ADVANCED,
                       default_value=SettingsConstants.OPTION__ENABLED),
 
         SettingsEntry(category=SettingsConstants.CATEGORY__FEATURES,
                       attr_name=SettingsConstants.SETTING__QR_BRIGHTNESS_TIPS,
-                      display_name="Show QR brightness tips",
+                      display_name=_mft("Show QR brightness tips"),
                       visibility=SettingsConstants.VISIBILITY__ADVANCED,
                       default_value=SettingsConstants.OPTION__ENABLED),
 
         SettingsEntry(category=SettingsConstants.CATEGORY__FEATURES,
                       attr_name=SettingsConstants.SETTING__PARTNER_LOGOS,
                       abbreviated_name="partners",
-                      display_name="Show partner logos",
+                      display_name=_mft("Show partner logos"),
                       visibility=SettingsConstants.VISIBILITY__ADVANCED,
                       default_value=SettingsConstants.OPTION__ENABLED),
 
@@ -524,7 +554,7 @@ class SettingsDefinition:
         SettingsEntry(category=SettingsConstants.CATEGORY__SYSTEM,
                       attr_name=SettingsConstants.SETTING__QR_BRIGHTNESS,
                       abbreviated_name="qr_brightness",
-                      display_name="QR background color",
+                      display_name=_mft("QR background color"),
                       type=SettingsConstants.TYPE__FREE_ENTRY,
                       visibility=SettingsConstants.VISIBILITY__HIDDEN,
                       default_value=62),

src/seedsigner/models/singleton.py

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class ConfigurableSingleton(Singleton):
         if cls._instance:
             return cls._instance
         else:
-            raise Exception("Must call %s.configure_instance(config) first" % cls.__name__)
+            raise Exception("Must call %s.configure_instance() first" % cls.__name__)
 
 
     @classmethod

src/seedsigner/views/psbt_views.py

@@ -1,26 +1,23 @@
-from embit.psbt import PSBT
-from embit import script
-from embit.networks import NETWORKS
-from seedsigner.controller import Controller
+from gettext import gettext as _
 
-from seedsigner.gui.components import FontAwesomeIconConstants, SeedSignerIconConstants
-from seedsigner.models.encode_qr import UrPsbtQrEncoder
 from seedsigner.models.psbt_parser import PSBTParser
 from seedsigner.models.settings import SettingsConstants
-from seedsigner.gui.screens.psbt_screens import PSBTOpReturnScreen, PSBTOverviewScreen, PSBTMathScreen, PSBTAddressDetailsScreen, PSBTChangeDetailsScreen, PSBTFinalizeScreen
-from seedsigner.gui.screens.screen import (RET_CODE__BACK_BUTTON, ButtonListScreen, WarningScreen, DireWarningScreen, QRDisplayScreen)
+from seedsigner.gui.components import FontAwesomeIconConstants, SeedSignerIconConstants
+from seedsigner.gui.screens.screen import (RET_CODE__BACK_BUTTON, ButtonListScreen, ButtonOption, WarningScreen, DireWarningScreen, QRDisplayScreen)
 from seedsigner.views.view import BackStackView, MainMenuView, NotYetImplementedView, View, Destination
 
 
 
 class PSBTSelectSeedView(View):
-    SCAN_SEED = ("Scan a seed", SeedSignerIconConstants.QRCODE)
-    TYPE_12WORD = ("Enter 12-word seed", FontAwesomeIconConstants.KEYBOARD)
-    TYPE_24WORD = ("Enter 24-word seed", FontAwesomeIconConstants.KEYBOARD)
-    TYPE_ELECTRUM = ("Enter Electrum seed", FontAwesomeIconConstants.KEYBOARD)
+    SCAN_SEED = ButtonOption("Scan a seed", SeedSignerIconConstants.QRCODE)
+    TYPE_12WORD = ButtonOption("Enter 12-word seed", FontAwesomeIconConstants.KEYBOARD)
+    TYPE_24WORD = ButtonOption("Enter 24-word seed", FontAwesomeIconConstants.KEYBOARD)
+    TYPE_ELECTRUM = ButtonOption("Enter Electrum seed", FontAwesomeIconConstants.KEYBOARD)
 
 
     def run(self):
+        from seedsigner.controller import Controller
+
         # Note: we can't just autoroute to the PSBT Overview because we might have a
         # multisig where we want to sign with more than one key on this device.
         if not self.controller.psbt:
@@ -38,9 +35,10 @@ class PSBTSelectSeedView(View):
             button_str = seed.get_fingerprint(self.settings.get_value(SettingsConstants.SETTING__NETWORK))
             if not PSBTParser.has_matching_input_fingerprint(psbt=self.controller.psbt, seed=seed, network=self.settings.get_value(SettingsConstants.SETTING__NETWORK)):
                 # Doesn't look like this seed can sign the current PSBT
-                button_str += " (?)"
+                # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: Inserts fingerprint w/"?" to indicate that this seed can't sign the current PSBT
+                button_str = _("{} (?)").format(button_str)
 
-            button_data.append((button_str, SeedSignerIconConstants.FINGERPRINT))
+            button_data.append(ButtonOption(button_str, SeedSignerIconConstants.FINGERPRINT))
 
         button_data.append(self.SCAN_SEED)
         button_data.append(self.TYPE_12WORD)
@@ -50,7 +48,7 @@ class PSBTSelectSeedView(View):
 
         selected_menu_num = self.run_screen(
             ButtonListScreen,
-            title="Select Signer",
+            title=_("Select Signer"),
             is_button_text_centered=False,
             button_data=button_data
         )
@@ -94,7 +92,7 @@ class PSBTOverviewView(View):
             # The PSBTParser takes a while to read the PSBT. Run the loading screen while
             # we wait.
             from seedsigner.gui.screens.screen import LoadingScreenThread
-            self.loading_screen = LoadingScreenThread(text="Parsing PSBT...")
+            self.loading_screen = LoadingScreenThread(text=_("Parsing PSBT..."))
             self.loading_screen.start()
                 
             try:
@@ -109,6 +107,7 @@ class PSBTOverviewView(View):
 
 
     def run(self):
+        from seedsigner.gui.screens.psbt_screens import PSBTOverviewScreen
         psbt_parser = self.controller.psbt_parser
 
         change_data = psbt_parser.change_data
@@ -168,9 +167,9 @@ class PSBTOverviewView(View):
 class PSBTUnsupportedScriptTypeWarningView(View):
     def run(self):
         selected_menu_num = WarningScreen(
-            status_headline="Unsupported Script Type!",
-            text="PSBT has unsupported input script type, please verify your change addresses.",
-            button_data=["Continue"],
+            status_headline=_("Unsupported Script Type!"),
+            text=_("PSBT has unsupported input script type, please verify your change addresses."),
+            button_data=[ButtonOption("Continue")],
         ).display()
         
         if selected_menu_num == RET_CODE__BACK_BUTTON:
@@ -188,9 +187,10 @@ class PSBTUnsupportedScriptTypeWarningView(View):
 class PSBTNoChangeWarningView(View):
     def run(self):
         selected_menu_num = WarningScreen(
-            status_headline="Full Spend!",
-            text="This PSBT spends its entire input value. No change is coming back to your wallet.",
-            button_data=["Continue"],
+            # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: User will receive no change back; the inputs to this transaction are fully spent
+            status_headline=_("Full Spend!"),
+            text=_("This PSBT spends its entire input value. No change is coming back to your wallet."),
+            button_data=[ButtonOption("Continue")],
         ).display()
 
         if selected_menu_num == RET_CODE__BACK_BUTTON:
@@ -214,6 +214,7 @@ class PSBTMathView(View):
         + change value
     """
     def run(self):
+        from seedsigner.gui.screens.psbt_screens import PSBTMathScreen
         psbt_parser: PSBTParser = self.controller.psbt_parser
         if not psbt_parser:
             # Should not be able to get here
@@ -250,20 +251,24 @@ class PSBTAddressDetailsView(View):
 
 
     def run(self):
+        from seedsigner.gui.screens.psbt_screens import PSBTAddressDetailsScreen
         psbt_parser: PSBTParser = self.controller.psbt_parser
 
         if not psbt_parser:
             # Should not be able to get here
             raise Exception("Routing error")
 
-        title = "Will Send"
+        # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: Future-tense used to indicate that this transaction will send this amount, as opposed to "Send" on its own which could be misread as an instant command (e.g. "Send Now").
+        title = _("Will Send")
         if psbt_parser.num_destinations > 1:
             title += f" (#{self.address_num + 1})"
 
+        button_data = []
         if self.address_num < psbt_parser.num_destinations - 1:
-            button_data = ["Next Recipient"]
+            button_data.append(ButtonOption("Next Recipient"))
         else:
-            button_data = ["Next"]
+            # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: Short for "Next step"
+            button_data.append(ButtonOption("Next"))
 
         selected_menu_num = self.run_screen(
             PSBTAddressDetailsScreen,
@@ -294,10 +299,9 @@ class PSBTAddressDetailsView(View):
 
 
 class PSBTChangeDetailsView(View):
-    NEXT = "Next"
-    SKIP_VERIFICATION = "Skip Verification"
-    VERIFY_MULTISIG = "Verify Multisig Change"
-
+    NEXT = ButtonOption("Next")
+    SKIP_VERIFICATION = ButtonOption("Skip Verification")
+    VERIFY_MULTISIG = ButtonOption("Verify Multisig Change")
 
     def __init__(self, change_address_num):
         super().__init__()
@@ -305,6 +309,7 @@ class PSBTChangeDetailsView(View):
 
 
     def run(self):
+        from seedsigner.gui.screens.psbt_screens import PSBTChangeDetailsScreen
         psbt_parser: PSBTParser = self.controller.psbt_parser
 
         if not psbt_parser:
@@ -339,11 +344,11 @@ class PSBTChangeDetailsView(View):
         derivation_path_addr_index = int(derivation_path.split("/")[-1])
 
         if is_change_derivation_path:
-            title = "Your Change"
-            self.VERIFY_MULTISIG = "Verify Multisig Change"
+            # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: The amount you're receiving back from the transaction
+            title = _("Your Change")
         else:
-            title = "Self-Transfer"
-            self.VERIFY_MULTISIG = "Verify Multisig Addr"
+            title = _("Self-Transfer")
+            self.VERIFY_MULTISIG.button_label = _("Verify Multisig Addr")
         # if psbt_parser.num_change_outputs > 1:
         #     title += f" (#{self.change_address_num + 1})"
 
@@ -361,10 +366,13 @@ class PSBTChangeDetailsView(View):
         else:
             # Single sig
             try:
+                from embit import script
+                from embit.networks import NETWORKS
+
                 if is_change_derivation_path:
-                    loading_screen_text = "Verifying Change..."
+                    loading_screen_text = _("Verifying Change...")
                 else:
-                    loading_screen_text = "Verifying Self-Transfer..."
+                    loading_screen_text = _("Verifying Self-Transfer...")
                 from seedsigner.gui.screens.screen import LoadingScreenThread
                 loading_screen = LoadingScreenThread(text=loading_screen_text)
                 loading_screen.start()
@@ -436,6 +444,7 @@ class PSBTChangeDetailsView(View):
                 return Destination(PSBTFinalizeView)
             
         elif button_data[selected_menu_num] == self.VERIFY_MULTISIG:
+            from seedsigner.controller import Controller
             from seedsigner.views.seed_views import LoadMultisigWalletDescriptorView
             self.controller.resume_main_flow = Controller.FLOW__PSBT
             return Destination(LoadMultisigWalletDescriptorView)
@@ -451,17 +460,19 @@ class PSBTAddressVerificationFailedView(View):
 
     def run(self):
         if self.is_multisig:
-            title = "Caution"
-            text = f"""PSBT's {"change" if self.is_change else "self-transfer"} address could not be verified with your multisig wallet descriptor."""
+            title = _("Caution")
+            # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: Variable is either "change" or "self-transfer".
+            text = _("PSBT's {} address could not be verified with your multisig wallet descriptor.").format(_("change") if self.is_change else _("self-transfer"))
         else:
-            title = "Suspicious PSBT"
-            text = f"""PSBT's {"change" if self.is_change else "self-transfer"} address could not be generated from your seed."""
+            title = _("Suspicious PSBT")
+            # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: Variable is either "change" or "self-transfer".
+            text = _("PSBT's {} address could not be generated from your seed.").format(_("change") if self.is_change else _("self-transfer"))
         
         DireWarningScreen(
             title=title,
-            status_headline="Address Verification Failed",
+            status_headline=_("Address Verification Failed"),
             text=text,
-            button_data=["Discard PSBT"],
+            button_data=[ButtonOption("Discard PSBT")],
             show_back_button=False,
         ).display()
 
@@ -476,14 +487,15 @@ class PSBTOpReturnView(View):
         Shows the OP_RETURN data
     """
     def run(self):
+        from seedsigner.gui.screens.psbt_screens import PSBTOpReturnScreen
         psbt_parser: PSBTParser = self.controller.psbt_parser
 
         if not psbt_parser:
             # Should not be able to get here
             raise Exception("Routing error")
 
-        title = "OP_RETURN"
-        button_data = ["Next"]
+        title = _("OP_RETURN")
+        button_data = [ButtonOption("Next")]
 
         selected_menu_num = self.run_screen(
             PSBTOpReturnScreen,
@@ -502,10 +514,13 @@ class PSBTOpReturnView(View):
 class PSBTFinalizeView(View):
     """
     """
-    APPROVE_PSBT = "Approve PSBT"
+    APPROVE_PSBT = ButtonOption("Approve PSBT")
 
     
     def run(self):
+        from embit.psbt import PSBT
+        from seedsigner.gui.screens.psbt_screens import PSBTFinalizeScreen
+
         psbt_parser: PSBTParser = self.controller.psbt_parser
         psbt: PSBT = self.controller.psbt
 
@@ -541,6 +556,8 @@ class PSBTFinalizeView(View):
 
 class PSBTSignedQRDisplayView(View):
     def run(self):
+        from seedsigner.models.encode_qr import UrPsbtQrEncoder
+
         qr_encoder = UrPsbtQrEncoder(
             psbt=self.controller.psbt,
             qr_density=self.settings.get_value(SettingsConstants.SETTING__QR_DENSITY),
@@ -554,7 +571,7 @@ class PSBTSignedQRDisplayView(View):
 
 
 class PSBTSigningErrorView(View):
-    SELECT_DIFF_SEED = "Select Diff Seed"
+    SELECT_DIFF_SEED = ButtonOption("Select Diff Seed")
     
     def run(self):
         psbt_parser: PSBTParser = self.controller.psbt_parser
@@ -565,10 +582,10 @@ class PSBTSigningErrorView(View):
         # Just a WarningScreen here; only use DireWarningScreen for true security risks.
         selected_menu_num = self.run_screen(
             WarningScreen,
-            title="PSBT Error",
+            title=_("PSBT Error"),
             status_icon_name=SeedSignerIconConstants.WARNING,
-            status_headline="Signing Failed",
-            text="Signing with this seed did not add a valid signature.",
+            status_headline=_("Signing Failed"),
+            text=_("Signing with this seed did not add a valid signature."),
             button_data=[self.SELECT_DIFF_SEED]
         )
 

src/seedsigner/views/scan_views.py

@@ -1,18 +1,15 @@
 import logging
 import re
 
-from embit.descriptor import Descriptor
-
-from seedsigner.gui.screens.screen import RET_CODE__BACK_BUTTON
-from seedsigner.models.decode_qr import DecodeQR
-from seedsigner.models.seed import Seed
+from gettext import gettext as _
+from seedsigner.helpers.l10n import mark_for_translation as _mft
 from seedsigner.models.settings import SettingsConstants
-from seedsigner.views.settings_views import SettingsIngestSettingsQRView
-from seedsigner.views.view import BackStackView, ErrorView, MainMenuView, NotYetImplementedView, OptionDisabledView, View, Destination
+from seedsigner.views.view import BackStackView, ErrorView, MainMenuView, NotYetImplementedView, View, Destination
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
+
 class ScanView(View):
     """
         The catch-all generic scanning View that will accept any of our supported QR
@@ -22,11 +19,13 @@ class ScanView(View):
         dedicated errors when an unexpected QR type is scanned (e.g. Scan PSBT was
         selected but a SeedQR was scanned).
     """
-    instructions_text = "Scan a QR code"
-    invalid_qr_type_message = "QRCode not recognized or not yet supported."
+    instructions_text = _mft("Scan a QR code")
+    invalid_qr_type_message = _mft("QRCode not recognized or not yet supported.")
 
 
     def __init__(self):
+        from seedsigner.models.decode_qr import DecodeQR
+
         super().__init__()
         # Define the decoder here to make it available to child classes' is_valid_qr_type
         # checks and so we can inject data into it in the test suite's `before_run()`.
@@ -60,10 +59,11 @@ class ScanView(View):
                 # current flow.
                 # Report QR types in more human-readable text (e.g. QRType
                 # `seed__compactseedqr` as "seed: compactseedqr").
+                # TODO: cleanup l10n presentation
                 return Destination(ErrorView, view_args=dict(
                     title="Error",
-                    status_headline="Wrong QR Type",
-                    text=self.invalid_qr_type_message + f""", received "{self.decoder.qr_type.replace("__", ": ").replace("_", " ")}\" format""",
+                    status_headline=_("Wrong QR Type"),
+                    text=_(self.invalid_qr_type_message) + f""", received "{self.decoder.qr_type.replace("__", ": ").replace("_", " ")}\" format""",
                     button_text="Back",
                     next_destination=Destination(BackStackView, skip_current_view=True),
                 ))
@@ -73,10 +73,11 @@ class ScanView(View):
 
                 if not seed_mnemonic:
                     # seed is not valid, Exit if not valid with message
-                    raise Exception("Not yet implemented!")
+                    return Destination(NotYetImplementedView)
                 else:
                     # Found a valid mnemonic seed! All new seeds should be considered
                     #   pending (might set a passphrase, SeedXOR, etc) until finalized.
+                    from seedsigner.models.seed import Seed
                     from .seed_views import SeedFinalizeView
                     self.controller.storage.set_pending_seed(
                         Seed(mnemonic=seed_mnemonic, wordlist_language_code=self.wordlist_language_code)
@@ -95,10 +96,12 @@ class ScanView(View):
                 return Destination(PSBTSelectSeedView, skip_current_view=True)
 
             elif self.decoder.is_settings:
+                from seedsigner.views.settings_views import SettingsIngestSettingsQRView
                 data = self.decoder.get_settings_data()
                 return Destination(SettingsIngestSettingsQRView, view_args=dict(data=data))
             
             elif self.decoder.is_wallet_descriptor:
+                from embit.descriptor import Descriptor
                 from seedsigner.views.seed_views import MultisigWalletDescriptorView
                 descriptor_str = self.decoder.get_wallet_descriptor()
 
@@ -161,10 +164,10 @@ class ScanView(View):
             # start everything over.
             self.controller.resume_main_flow = None
             return Destination(ErrorView, view_args=dict(
-                title="Error",
-                status_headline="Unknown QR Type",
-                text="QRCode is invalid or is a data format not yet supported.",
-                button_text="Done",
+                title=_("Error"),
+                status_headline=_("Unknown QR Type"),
+                text=_("QRCode is invalid or is a data format not yet supported."),
+                button_text=_("Done"),
                 next_destination=Destination(MainMenuView, clear_history=True),
             ))
 
@@ -173,8 +176,8 @@ class ScanView(View):
 
 
 class ScanPSBTView(ScanView):
-    instructions_text = "Scan PSBT"
-    invalid_qr_type_message = "Expected a PSBT"
+    instructions_text = _mft("Scan PSBT")
+    invalid_qr_type_message = _mft("Expected a PSBT")
 
     @property
     def is_valid_qr_type(self):
@@ -183,8 +186,8 @@ class ScanPSBTView(ScanView):
 
 
 class ScanSeedQRView(ScanView):
-    instructions_text = "Scan SeedQR"
-    invalid_qr_type_message = f"Expected a SeedQR"
+    instructions_text = _mft("Scan SeedQR")
+    invalid_qr_type_message = _mft("Expected a SeedQR")
 
     @property
     def is_valid_qr_type(self):
@@ -193,8 +196,8 @@ class ScanSeedQRView(ScanView):
 
 
 class ScanWalletDescriptorView(ScanView):
-    instructions_text = "Scan descriptor"
-    invalid_qr_type_message = "Expected a wallet descriptor QR"
+    instructions_text = _mft("Scan descriptor")
+    invalid_qr_type_message = _mft("Expected a wallet descriptor QR")
 
     @property
     def is_valid_qr_type(self):
@@ -203,8 +206,8 @@ class ScanWalletDescriptorView(ScanView):
 
 
 class ScanAddressView(ScanView):
-    instructions_text = "Scan address QR"
-    invalid_qr_type_message = "Expected an address QR"
+    instructions_text = _mft("Scan address QR")
+    invalid_qr_type_message = _mft("Expected an address QR")
 
     @property
     def is_valid_qr_type(self):

src/seedsigner/views/screensaver.py

@@ -3,16 +3,19 @@ import os
 import random
 import time
 
-from PIL import Image
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from gettext import gettext as _
 
 from seedsigner.gui.components import Fonts, GUIConstants, load_image
 from seedsigner.gui.screens.screen import BaseScreen
 from seedsigner.models.settings import Settings
 from seedsigner.models.settings_definition import SettingsConstants
+from seedsigner.views.view import View
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
+
 # TODO: This early code is now outdated vis-a-vis Screen vs View distinctions
 class LogoScreen(BaseScreen):
     def __init__(self):
@@ -29,49 +32,90 @@ class LogoScreen(BaseScreen):
             self.partner_logos[partner] = load_image(logo_url)
 
 
+    def _run(self):
+        pass
+
+
     def get_random_partner(self) -> str:
         return self.partners[random.randrange(len(self.partners))]
 
 
 
+@dataclass
+class OpeningSplashView(View):
+    is_screenshot_renderer: bool = False
+    force_partner_logos: bool|None = None
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.run_screen(
+            OpeningSplashScreen,
+            is_screenshot_renderer=self.is_screenshot_renderer,
+            force_partner_logos=self.force_partner_logos
+        )
+
+
+
 class OpeningSplashScreen(LogoScreen):
-    def start(self):
+    def __init__(self, is_screenshot_renderer=False, force_partner_logos=None):
+        self.is_screenshot_renderer = is_screenshot_renderer
+        self.force_partner_logos = force_partner_logos
+        super().__init__()
+
+
+    def _render(self):
+        from PIL import Image
         from seedsigner.controller import Controller
         controller = Controller.get_instance()
 
+        # TODO: Fix for the screenshot generator. When generating screenshots for
+        # multiple locales, there is a button still in the canvas from the previous
+        # screenshot, even though the Renderer has been reconfigured and re-
+        # instantiated. This is a hack to clear the screen for now.
+        self.clear_screen()
+
         show_partner_logos = Settings.get_instance().get_value(SettingsConstants.SETTING__PARTNER_LOGOS) == SettingsConstants.OPTION__ENABLED
+        if self.force_partner_logos is not None:
+            show_partner_logos = self.force_partner_logos
 
         if show_partner_logos:
             logo_offset_y = -56
         else:
             logo_offset_y = 0
 
-        # Fade in alpha
-        for i in range(250, -1, -25):
-            self.logo.putalpha(255 - i)
-            background = Image.new("RGBA", size=self.logo.size, color="black")
-            self.renderer.canvas.paste(Image.alpha_composite(background, self.logo), (0, logo_offset_y))
-            self.renderer.show_image()
+        background = Image.new("RGBA", size=self.logo.size, color="black")
+        if not self.is_screenshot_renderer:
+            # Fade in alpha
+            for i in range(250, -1, -25):
+                self.logo.putalpha(255 - i)
+                self.renderer.canvas.paste(Image.alpha_composite(background, self.logo), (0, logo_offset_y))
+                self.renderer.show_image()
+        else:
+            # Skip animation for the screenshot generator
+            self.renderer.canvas.paste(self.logo, (0, logo_offset_y))
 
         # Display version num below SeedSigner logo
-        font = Fonts.get_font(GUIConstants.BODY_FONT_NAME, GUIConstants.TOP_NAV_TITLE_FONT_SIZE)
+        font = Fonts.get_font(GUIConstants.get_body_font_name(), GUIConstants.get_top_nav_title_font_size())
         version = f"v{controller.VERSION}"
-        (left, top, version_tw, version_th) = font.getbbox(version, anchor="lt")
 
         # The logo png is 240x240, but the actual logo is 70px tall, vertically centered
+        logo_height = 70
         version_x = int(self.renderer.canvas_width/2)
-        version_y = int(self.canvas_height/2) + 35 + logo_offset_y + GUIConstants.COMPONENT_PADDING
+        version_y = int(self.canvas_height/2) + int(logo_height/2) + logo_offset_y + GUIConstants.COMPONENT_PADDING
         self.renderer.draw.text(xy=(version_x, version_y), text=version, font=font, fill=GUIConstants.ACCENT_COLOR, anchor="mt")
-        self.renderer.show_image()
+
+        if not self.is_screenshot_renderer:
+            self.renderer.show_image()
 
         if show_partner_logos:
-            # Hold on the version num for a moment
-            time.sleep(1)
+            if not self.is_screenshot_renderer:
+                # Hold on the version num for a moment
+                time.sleep(1)
 
             # Set up the partner logo
             partner_logo: Image.Image = self.partner_logos[self.get_random_partner()]
-            font = Fonts.get_font(GUIConstants.TOP_NAV_TITLE_FONT_NAME, GUIConstants.BODY_FONT_SIZE)
-            sponsor_text = "With support from:"
+            font = Fonts.get_font(GUIConstants.get_top_nav_title_font_name(), GUIConstants.get_body_font_size())
+            # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: This is on the opening splash screen, displayed above the HRF logo
+            sponsor_text = _("With support from:")
             (left, top, tw, th) = font.getbbox(sponsor_text, anchor="lt")
 
             x = int((self.renderer.canvas_width) / 2)
@@ -87,12 +131,15 @@ class OpeningSplashScreen(LogoScreen):
 
             self.renderer.show_image()
 
-        time.sleep(2)
+        if not self.is_screenshot_renderer:
+            # Hold on the splash screen for a moment
+            time.sleep(2)
 
 
 
 class ScreensaverScreen(LogoScreen):
     def __init__(self, buttons):
+        from PIL import Image
         super().__init__()
 
         self.buttons = buttons

src/seedsigner/views/settings_views.py

@@ -1,19 +1,20 @@
 import logging
+from gettext import gettext as _
+
 from seedsigner.gui.components import SeedSignerIconConstants
-from seedsigner.hardware.microsd import MicroSD
+from seedsigner.gui.screens import (RET_CODE__BACK_BUTTON, ButtonListScreen, settings_screens)
+from seedsigner.gui.screens.screen import ButtonOption
+from seedsigner.models.settings import Settings, SettingsConstants, SettingsDefinition
 
 from .view import View, Destination, MainMenuView
 
-from seedsigner.gui.screens import (RET_CODE__BACK_BUTTON, ButtonListScreen, settings_screens)
-from seedsigner.models.settings import Settings, SettingsConstants, SettingsDefinition
-
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 
 class SettingsMenuView(View):
-    IO_TEST = "I/O test"
-    DONATE = "Donate"
+    IO_TEST = ButtonOption("I/O test")
+    DONATE = ButtonOption("Donate")
 
     def __init__(self, visibility: str = SettingsConstants.VISIBILITY__GENERAL, selected_attr: str = None, initial_scroll: int = 0):
         super().__init__()
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ class SettingsMenuView(View):
         settings_entries = SettingsDefinition.get_settings_entries(
             visibility=self.visibility
         )
-        button_data=[e.display_name for e in settings_entries]
+        button_data=[ButtonOption(e.display_name) for e in settings_entries]
 
         selected_button = 0
         if self.selected_attr:
@@ -38,17 +39,17 @@ class SettingsMenuView(View):
                     break
 
         if self.visibility == SettingsConstants.VISIBILITY__GENERAL:
-            title = "Settings"
+            title = _("Settings")
 
             # Set up the next nested level of menuing
-            button_data.append(("Advanced", None, None, None, SeedSignerIconConstants.CHEVRON_RIGHT))
+            button_data.append(ButtonOption("Advanced", right_icon_name=SeedSignerIconConstants.CHEVRON_RIGHT))
             next_destination = Destination(SettingsMenuView, view_args={"visibility": SettingsConstants.VISIBILITY__ADVANCED})
 
             button_data.append(self.IO_TEST)
             button_data.append(self.DONATE)
 
         elif self.visibility == SettingsConstants.VISIBILITY__ADVANCED:
-            title = "Advanced"
+            title = _("Advanced")
 
             # So far there are no real Developer options; disabling for now
             # button_data.append(("Developer Options", None, None, None, SeedSignerIconConstants.CHEVRON_RIGHT))
@@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ class SettingsMenuView(View):
             next_destination = None
         
         elif self.visibility == SettingsConstants.VISIBILITY__DEVELOPER:
-            title = "Dev Options"
+            title = _("Dev Options")
             next_destination = None
 
         selected_menu_num = self.run_screen(
@@ -114,8 +115,7 @@ class SettingsEntryUpdateSelectionView(View):
                 value, display_name = value
             else:
                 display_name = value
-
-            button_data.append(display_name)
+            button_data.append(ButtonOption(display_name))
 
             if (type(initial_value) == list and value in initial_value) or value == initial_value:
                 checked_buttons.append(i)
@@ -191,6 +191,7 @@ class SettingsEntryUpdateSelectionView(View):
 
 class SettingsIngestSettingsQRView(View):
     def __init__(self, data: str):
+        from seedsigner.hardware.microsd import MicroSD
         super().__init__()
 
         # May raise an Exception which will bubble up to the Controller to display to the
@@ -200,15 +201,16 @@ class SettingsIngestSettingsQRView(View):
         self.settings.update(settings_update_dict)
 
         if MicroSD.get_instance().is_inserted and self.settings.get_value(SettingsConstants.SETTING__PERSISTENT_SETTINGS) == SettingsConstants.OPTION__ENABLED:
-            self.status_message = "Persistent Settings enabled. Settings saved to SD card."
+            self.status_message = _("Persistent Settings enabled. Settings saved to SD card.")
         else:
-            self.status_message = "Settings updated in temporary memory"
+            self.status_message = _("Settings updated in temporary memory")
 
 
     def run(self):
         from seedsigner.gui.screens.settings_screens import SettingsQRConfirmationScreen
         self.run_screen(
             SettingsQRConfirmationScreen,
+            title=_("Settings QR"),
             config_name=self.config_name,
             status_message=self.status_message,
         )

src/seedsigner/views/tools_views.py

@@ -1,21 +1,14 @@
-from dataclasses import dataclass
 import hashlib
 import logging
 import os
 import time
 
-from embit.descriptor import Descriptor
-from PIL import Image
-from PIL.ImageOps import autocontrast
+from gettext import gettext as _
 
-from seedsigner.controller import Controller
 from seedsigner.gui.components import FontAwesomeIconConstants, GUIConstants, SeedSignerIconConstants
-from seedsigner.gui.screens import (RET_CODE__BACK_BUTTON, ButtonListScreen, WarningScreen)
-from seedsigner.gui.screens.tools_screens import (ToolsCalcFinalWordDoneScreen, ToolsCalcFinalWordFinalizePromptScreen,
-    ToolsCalcFinalWordScreen, ToolsCoinFlipEntryScreen, ToolsDiceEntropyEntryScreen, ToolsImageEntropyFinalImageScreen,
-    ToolsImageEntropyLivePreviewScreen, ToolsAddressExplorerAddressTypeScreen)
-from seedsigner.helpers import embit_utils, mnemonic_generation
-from seedsigner.models.encode_qr import GenericStaticQrEncoder
+from seedsigner.gui.screens import RET_CODE__BACK_BUTTON, ButtonListScreen
+from seedsigner.gui.screens.screen import ButtonOption
+from seedsigner.helpers import mnemonic_generation
 from seedsigner.models.seed import Seed
 from seedsigner.models.settings_definition import SettingsConstants
 from seedsigner.views.seed_views import SeedDiscardView, SeedFinalizeView, SeedMnemonicEntryView, SeedOptionsView, SeedWordsWarningView, SeedExportXpubScriptTypeView
@@ -25,19 +18,20 @@ from .view import View, Destination, BackStackView
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
+
 class ToolsMenuView(View):
-    IMAGE = (" New seed", FontAwesomeIconConstants.CAMERA)
-    DICE = ("New seed", FontAwesomeIconConstants.DICE)
-    KEYBOARD = ("Calc 12th/24th word", FontAwesomeIconConstants.KEYBOARD)
-    ADDRESS_EXPLORER = "Address Explorer"
-    VERIFY_ADDRESS = "Verify address"
+    IMAGE = ButtonOption("New seed", FontAwesomeIconConstants.CAMERA)
+    DICE = ButtonOption("New seed", FontAwesomeIconConstants.DICE)
+    KEYBOARD = ButtonOption("Calc 12th/24th word", FontAwesomeIconConstants.KEYBOARD)
+    ADDRESS_EXPLORER = ButtonOption("Address Explorer")
+    VERIFY_ADDRESS = ButtonOption("Verify Address")
 
     def run(self):
         button_data = [self.IMAGE, self.DICE, self.KEYBOARD, self.ADDRESS_EXPLORER, self.VERIFY_ADDRESS]
 
         selected_menu_num = self.run_screen(
             ButtonListScreen,
-            title="Tools",
+            title=_("Tools"),
             is_button_text_centered=False,
             button_data=button_data
         )
@@ -68,6 +62,7 @@ class ToolsMenuView(View):
 ****************************************************************************"""
 class ToolsImageEntropyLivePreviewView(View):
     def run(self):
+        from seedsigner.gui.screens.tools_screens import ToolsImageEntropyLivePreviewScreen
         self.controller.image_entropy_preview_frames = None
         ret = ToolsImageEntropyLivePreviewScreen().display()
 
@@ -81,6 +76,9 @@ class ToolsImageEntropyLivePreviewView(View):
 
 class ToolsImageEntropyFinalImageView(View):
     def run(self):
+        from PIL import Image
+        from PIL.ImageOps import autocontrast
+        from seedsigner.gui.screens.tools_screens import ToolsImageEntropyFinalImageScreen
         if not self.controller.image_entropy_final_image:
             from seedsigner.hardware.camera import Camera
             # Take the final full-res image
@@ -99,7 +97,7 @@ class ToolsImageEntropyFinalImageView(View):
         ).crop(
             (120, 0, 600, 480)
         ).resize(
-            (self.canvas_width, self.canvas_height), Image.BICUBIC
+            (self.canvas_width, self.canvas_height), Image.Resampling.BICUBIC
         )
         
         ret = ToolsImageEntropyFinalImageScreen(
@@ -116,23 +114,21 @@ class ToolsImageEntropyFinalImageView(View):
 
 
 class ToolsImageEntropyMnemonicLengthView(View):
+    TWELVE_WORDS = ButtonOption("12 words", return_data=12)
+    TWENTYFOUR_WORDS = ButtonOption("24 words", return_data=24)
+
     def run(self):
-        TWELVE_WORDS = "12 words"
-        TWENTYFOUR_WORDS = "24 words"
-        button_data = [TWELVE_WORDS, TWENTYFOUR_WORDS]
+        button_data = [self.TWELVE_WORDS, self.TWENTYFOUR_WORDS]
 
         selected_menu_num = ButtonListScreen(
-            title="Mnemonic Length?",
+            title=_("Mnemonic Length?"),
             button_data=button_data,
         ).display()
 
         if selected_menu_num == RET_CODE__BACK_BUTTON:
             return Destination(BackStackView)
         
-        if button_data[selected_menu_num] == TWELVE_WORDS:
-            mnemonic_length = 12
-        else:
-            mnemonic_length = 24
+        mnemonic_length = button_data[selected_menu_num].return_data
 
         preview_images = self.controller.image_entropy_preview_frames
         seed_entropy_image = self.controller.image_entropy_final_image
@@ -189,12 +185,20 @@ class ToolsImageEntropyMnemonicLengthView(View):
 ****************************************************************************"""
 class ToolsDiceEntropyMnemonicLengthView(View):
     def run(self):
-        TWELVE = f"12 words ({mnemonic_generation.DICE__NUM_ROLLS__12WORD} rolls)"
-        TWENTY_FOUR = f"24 words ({mnemonic_generation.DICE__NUM_ROLLS__24WORD} rolls)"
-        
+        # Since we're dynamically building the ButtonOption button_labels here, it's too
+        # awkward to use the usual class-level attr approach.
+
+        # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: Inserts the number of dice rolls needed for a 12-word mnemonic
+        twelve = _("12 words ({} rolls)").format(mnemonic_generation.DICE__NUM_ROLLS__12WORD)
+        TWELVE = ButtonOption(twelve, return_data=mnemonic_generation.DICE__NUM_ROLLS__12WORD)
+
+        # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: Inserts the number of dice rolls needed for a 24-word mnemonic
+        twenty_four = _("24 words ({} rolls)").format(mnemonic_generation.DICE__NUM_ROLLS__24WORD)
+        TWENTY_FOUR = ButtonOption(twenty_four, return_data=mnemonic_generation.DICE__NUM_ROLLS__24WORD)
+
         button_data = [TWELVE, TWENTY_FOUR]
         selected_menu_num = ButtonListScreen(
-            title="Mnemonic Length",
+            title=_("Mnemonic Length"),
             is_bottom_list=True,
             is_button_text_centered=True,
             button_data=button_data,
@@ -218,6 +222,7 @@ class ToolsDiceEntropyEntryView(View):
     
 
     def run(self):
+        from seedsigner.gui.screens.tools_screens import ToolsDiceEntropyEntryScreen
         ret = ToolsDiceEntropyEntryScreen(
             return_after_n_chars=self.total_rolls,
         ).display()
@@ -240,15 +245,15 @@ class ToolsDiceEntropyEntryView(View):
     Calc final word Views
 ****************************************************************************"""
 class ToolsCalcFinalWordNumWordsView(View):
-    TWELVE = "12 words"
-    TWENTY_FOUR = "24 words"
+    TWELVE = ButtonOption("12 words", return_data=12)
+    TWENTY_FOUR = ButtonOption("24 words", return_data=24)
 
     def run(self):
         button_data = [self.TWELVE, self.TWENTY_FOUR]
 
         selected_menu_num = self.run_screen(
             ButtonListScreen,
-            title="Mnemonic Length",
+            title=_("Mnemonic Length"),
             is_bottom_list=True,
             is_button_text_centered=True,
             button_data=button_data,
@@ -257,22 +262,24 @@ class ToolsCalcFinalWordNumWordsView(View):
         if selected_menu_num == RET_CODE__BACK_BUTTON:
             return Destination(BackStackView)
 
-        elif button_data[selected_menu_num] == self.TWELVE:
-            self.controller.storage.init_pending_mnemonic(12)
+        self.controller.storage.init_pending_mnemonic(button_data[selected_menu_num].return_data)
 
-            # return Destination(SeedMnemonicEntryView, view_args=dict(is_calc_final_word=True))
-            return Destination(SeedMnemonicEntryView, view_args=dict(is_calc_final_word=True))
-
-        elif button_data[selected_menu_num] == self.TWENTY_FOUR:
-            self.controller.storage.init_pending_mnemonic(24)
-
-            # return Destination(SeedMnemonicEntryView, view_args=dict(is_calc_final_word=True))
-            return Destination(SeedMnemonicEntryView, view_args=dict(is_calc_final_word=True))
+        return Destination(SeedMnemonicEntryView, view_args=dict(is_calc_final_word=True))
 
 
 
 class ToolsCalcFinalWordFinalizePromptView(View):
+    # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: Label to gather entropy through coin tosses
+    COIN_FLIPS = ButtonOption("Coin flip entropy")
+
+    # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: Label to gather entropy through user specified BIP-39 word
+    SELECT_WORD = ButtonOption("Word selection entropy")
+
+    # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: Label to allow user to default entropy as all-zeros
+    ZEROS = ButtonOption("Finalize with zeros")
+
     def run(self):
+        from seedsigner.gui.screens.tools_screens import ToolsCalcFinalWordFinalizePromptScreen
         mnemonic = self.controller.storage.pending_mnemonic
         mnemonic_length = len(mnemonic)
         if mnemonic_length == 12:
@@ -280,11 +287,7 @@ class ToolsCalcFinalWordFinalizePromptView(View):
         else:
             num_entropy_bits = 3
 
-        COIN_FLIPS = "Coin flip entropy"
-        SELECT_WORD = f"Word selection entropy"
-        ZEROS = "Finalize with zeros"
-
-        button_data = [COIN_FLIPS, SELECT_WORD, ZEROS]
+        button_data = [self.COIN_FLIPS, self.SELECT_WORD, self.ZEROS]
         selected_menu_num = ToolsCalcFinalWordFinalizePromptScreen(
             mnemonic_length=mnemonic_length,
             num_entropy_bits=num_entropy_bits,
@@ -294,15 +297,15 @@ class ToolsCalcFinalWordFinalizePromptView(View):
         if selected_menu_num == RET_CODE__BACK_BUTTON:
             return Destination(BackStackView)
 
-        elif button_data[selected_menu_num] == COIN_FLIPS:
+        elif button_data[selected_menu_num] == self.COIN_FLIPS:
             return Destination(ToolsCalcFinalWordCoinFlipsView)
 
-        elif button_data[selected_menu_num] == SELECT_WORD:
+        elif button_data[selected_menu_num] == self.SELECT_WORD:
             # Clear the final word slot, just in case we're returning via BACK button
             self.controller.storage.update_pending_mnemonic(None, mnemonic_length - 1)
             return Destination(SeedMnemonicEntryView, view_args=dict(is_calc_final_word=True, cur_word_index=mnemonic_length - 1))
 
-        elif button_data[selected_menu_num] == ZEROS:
+        elif button_data[selected_menu_num] == self.ZEROS:
             # User skipped the option to select a final word to provide last bits of
             # entropy. We'll insert all zeros and piggy-back on the coin flip attr
             wordlist_language_code = self.settings.get_value(SettingsConstants.SETTING__WORDLIST_LANGUAGE)
@@ -313,6 +316,7 @@ class ToolsCalcFinalWordFinalizePromptView(View):
 
 class ToolsCalcFinalWordCoinFlipsView(View):
     def run(self):
+        from seedsigner.gui.screens.tools_screens import ToolsCoinFlipEntryScreen
         mnemonic_length = len(self.controller.storage.pending_mnemonic)
 
         if mnemonic_length == 12:
@@ -333,6 +337,8 @@ class ToolsCalcFinalWordCoinFlipsView(View):
 
 
 class ToolsCalcFinalWordShowFinalWordView(View):
+    NEXT = ButtonOption("Next")
+
     def __init__(self, coin_flips: str = None):
         super().__init__()
         # Construct the actual final word. The user's selected_final_word
@@ -385,11 +391,15 @@ class ToolsCalcFinalWordShowFinalWordView(View):
 
 
     def run(self):
-        NEXT = "Next"
-        button_data = [NEXT]
+        from seedsigner.gui.screens.tools_screens import ToolsCalcFinalWordScreen
+        button_data = [self.NEXT]
+
+        # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: label to calculate the last word of a BIP-39 mnemonic seed phrase
+        title = _("Final Word Calc")
+
         selected_menu_num = self.run_screen(
             ToolsCalcFinalWordScreen,
-            title="Final Word Calc",
+            title=title,
             button_data=button_data,
             selected_final_word=self.selected_final_word,
             selected_final_bits=self.selected_final_bits,
@@ -400,20 +410,22 @@ class ToolsCalcFinalWordShowFinalWordView(View):
         if selected_menu_num == RET_CODE__BACK_BUTTON:
             return Destination(BackStackView)
 
-        elif button_data[selected_menu_num] == NEXT:
+        elif button_data[selected_menu_num] == self.NEXT:
             return Destination(ToolsCalcFinalWordDoneView)
 
 
 
 class ToolsCalcFinalWordDoneView(View):
+    LOAD = ButtonOption("Load seed")
+    DISCARD = ButtonOption("Discard", button_label_color="red")
+
     def run(self):
+        from seedsigner.gui.screens.tools_screens import ToolsCalcFinalWordDoneScreen
         mnemonic = self.controller.storage.pending_mnemonic
         mnemonic_word_length = len(mnemonic)
         final_word = mnemonic[-1]
 
-        LOAD = "Load seed"
-        DISCARD = ("Discard", None, None, "red")
-        button_data = [LOAD, DISCARD]
+        button_data = [self.LOAD, self.DISCARD]
 
         selected_menu_num = ToolsCalcFinalWordDoneScreen(
             final_word=final_word,
@@ -427,37 +439,39 @@ class ToolsCalcFinalWordDoneView(View):
         
         self.controller.storage.convert_pending_mnemonic_to_pending_seed()
 
-        if button_data[selected_menu_num] == LOAD:
+        if button_data[selected_menu_num] == self.LOAD:
             return Destination(SeedFinalizeView)
         
-        elif button_data[selected_menu_num] == DISCARD:
+        elif button_data[selected_menu_num] == self.DISCARD:
             return Destination(SeedDiscardView)
 
 
+
 """****************************************************************************
     Address Explorer Views
 ****************************************************************************"""
 class ToolsAddressExplorerSelectSourceView(View):
-    SCAN_SEED = ("Scan a seed", SeedSignerIconConstants.QRCODE)
-    SCAN_DESCRIPTOR = ("Scan wallet descriptor", SeedSignerIconConstants.QRCODE)
-    TYPE_12WORD = ("Enter 12-word seed", FontAwesomeIconConstants.KEYBOARD)
-    TYPE_24WORD = ("Enter 24-word seed", FontAwesomeIconConstants.KEYBOARD)
-    TYPE_ELECTRUM = ("Enter Electrum seed", FontAwesomeIconConstants.KEYBOARD)
-
+    SCAN_SEED = ButtonOption("Scan a seed", SeedSignerIconConstants.QRCODE)
+    SCAN_DESCRIPTOR = ButtonOption("Scan wallet descriptor", SeedSignerIconConstants.QRCODE)
+    TYPE_12WORD = ButtonOption("Enter 12-word seed", FontAwesomeIconConstants.KEYBOARD, return_data=12)
+    TYPE_24WORD = ButtonOption("Enter 24-word seed", FontAwesomeIconConstants.KEYBOARD, return_data=24)
+    TYPE_ELECTRUM = ButtonOption("Enter Electrum seed", FontAwesomeIconConstants.KEYBOARD)
 
     def run(self):
+        from seedsigner.controller import Controller
+
         seeds = self.controller.storage.seeds
         button_data = []
         for seed in seeds:
             button_str = seed.get_fingerprint(self.settings.get_value(SettingsConstants.SETTING__NETWORK))
-            button_data.append((button_str, SeedSignerIconConstants.FINGERPRINT))
+            button_data.append(ButtonOption(button_str, SeedSignerIconConstants.FINGERPRINT))
         button_data = button_data + [self.SCAN_SEED, self.SCAN_DESCRIPTOR, self.TYPE_12WORD, self.TYPE_24WORD]
         if self.settings.get_value(SettingsConstants.SETTING__ELECTRUM_SEEDS) == SettingsConstants.OPTION__ENABLED:
             button_data.append(self.TYPE_ELECTRUM)
-        
+
         selected_menu_num = self.run_screen(
             ButtonListScreen,
-            title="Address Explorer",
+            title=_("Address Explorer"),
             button_data=button_data,
             is_button_text_centered=False,
             is_bottom_list=True,
@@ -491,10 +505,7 @@ class ToolsAddressExplorerSelectSourceView(View):
 
         elif button_data[selected_menu_num] in [self.TYPE_12WORD, self.TYPE_24WORD]:
             from seedsigner.views.seed_views import SeedMnemonicEntryView
-            if button_data[selected_menu_num] == self.TYPE_12WORD:
-                self.controller.storage.init_pending_mnemonic(num_words=12)
-            else:
-                self.controller.storage.init_pending_mnemonic(num_words=24)
+            self.controller.storage.init_pending_mnemonic(num_words=button_data[selected_menu_num].return_data)
             return Destination(SeedMnemonicEntryView)
 
         elif button_data[selected_menu_num] == self.TYPE_ELECTRUM:
@@ -504,8 +515,11 @@ class ToolsAddressExplorerSelectSourceView(View):
 
 
 class ToolsAddressExplorerAddressTypeView(View):
-    RECEIVE = "Receive Addresses"
-    CHANGE = "Change Addresses"
+    # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: label for addresses where others send us incoming payments
+    RECEIVE = ButtonOption("Receive Addresses")
+
+    # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: label for addresses that collect the change from our own outgoing payments
+    CHANGE = ButtonOption("Change Addresses")
 
 
     def __init__(self, seed_num: int = None, script_type: str = None, custom_derivation: str = None):
@@ -541,6 +555,7 @@ class ToolsAddressExplorerAddressTypeView(View):
             elif seed_derivation_override:
                 derivation_path = seed_derivation_override
             else:
+                from seedsigner.helpers import embit_utils
                 derivation_path = embit_utils.get_standard_derivation_path(
                     network=self.settings.get_value(SettingsConstants.SETTING__NETWORK),
                     wallet_type=SettingsConstants.SINGLE_SIG,
@@ -557,11 +572,13 @@ class ToolsAddressExplorerAddressTypeView(View):
 
 
     def run(self):
+        from seedsigner.gui.screens.tools_screens import ToolsAddressExplorerAddressTypeScreen
         data = self.controller.address_explorer_data
 
         wallet_descriptor_display_name = None
         if "wallet_descriptor" in data:
             wallet_descriptor_display_name = data["wallet_descriptor"].brief_policy.replace(" (sorted)", "")
+            wallet_descriptor_display_name = " / ".join(wallet_descriptor_display_name.split(" of ")) # i18n w/o l10n since coming from non-l10n embit
 
         script_type = data["script_type"] if "script_type" in data else None
 
@@ -620,7 +637,9 @@ class ToolsAddressExplorerAddressListView(View):
         else:
             try:
                 from seedsigner.gui.screens.screen import LoadingScreenThread
-                self.loading_screen = LoadingScreenThread(text="Calculating addrs...")
+                from seedsigner.helpers import embit_utils
+                # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: a status message that our payment addresses are being calculated
+                self.loading_screen = LoadingScreenThread(text=_("Calculating addrs..."))
                 self.loading_screen.start()
 
                 if addr_storage_key not in data:
@@ -636,9 +655,10 @@ class ToolsAddressExplorerAddressListView(View):
                             data[addr_storage_key].append(address)
                     else:
                         # TODO: Custom derivation path
-                        raise Exception("Custom Derivation address explorer not yet implemented")
-                
+                        raise Exception(_("Custom Derivation address explorer not yet implemented"))
+
                 elif "wallet_descriptor" in data:
+                    from embit.descriptor import Descriptor
                     descriptor: Descriptor = data["wallet_descriptor"]
                     if descriptor.is_basic_multisig:
                         for i in range(self.start_index, self.start_index + addrs_per_screen):
@@ -647,7 +667,7 @@ class ToolsAddressExplorerAddressListView(View):
                             data[addr_storage_key].append(address)
 
                     else:
-                        raise Exception("Single sig descriptors not yet supported")
+                        raise Exception(_("Single sig descriptors not yet supported"))
             finally:
                 # Everything is set. Stop the loading screen
                 self.loading_screen.stop()
@@ -663,16 +683,18 @@ class ToolsAddressExplorerAddressListView(View):
                 end_digits = -5
             else:
                 end_digits = -4
-            button_data.append(f"{cur_index}:{address[:8]}...{address[end_digits:]}")
+            button_data.append(ButtonOption(f"{cur_index}:{address[:8]}...{address[end_digits:]}", active_button_label=f"{cur_index}:{address}"))
 
-        button_data.append(("Next {}".format(addrs_per_screen), None, None, None, SeedSignerIconConstants.CHEVRON_RIGHT))
+        # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: Insert the number of addrs displayed per screen (e.g. "Next 10")
+        button_label = _("Next {}").format(addrs_per_screen)
+        button_data.append(ButtonOption(button_label, right_icon_name=SeedSignerIconConstants.CHEVRON_RIGHT))
 
         selected_menu_num = self.run_screen(
             ButtonListScreen,
-            title="{} Addrs".format("Receive" if not self.is_change else "Change"),
+            title=_("Receive Addrs") if not self.is_change else _("Change Addrs"),
             button_data=button_data,
             button_font_name=GUIConstants.FIXED_WIDTH_EMPHASIS_FONT_NAME,
-            button_font_size=GUIConstants.BUTTON_FONT_SIZE + 4,
+            button_font_size=GUIConstants.get_button_font_size() + 4,
             is_button_text_centered=False,
             is_bottom_list=True,
             selected_button=self.selected_button_index,
@@ -695,6 +717,7 @@ class ToolsAddressExplorerAddressListView(View):
 
 
 class ToolsAddressExplorerAddressView(View):
+    # TODO: pull address str from controller.address_explorer_data and pass addr_storage_key and addr_index instead
     def __init__(self, index: int, address: str, is_change: bool, start_index: int, parent_initial_scroll: int = 0):
         super().__init__()
         self.index = index
@@ -706,6 +729,8 @@ class ToolsAddressExplorerAddressView(View):
     
     def run(self):
         from seedsigner.gui.screens.screen import QRDisplayScreen
+        from seedsigner.models.encode_qr import GenericStaticQrEncoder
+
         qr_encoder = GenericStaticQrEncoder(data=self.address)
         self.run_screen(
             QRDisplayScreen,

src/seedsigner/views/view.py

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
-from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from gettext import gettext as _
 from typing import Type
 
-from seedsigner.gui.components import FontAwesomeIconConstants, SeedSignerIconConstants
+from seedsigner.helpers.l10n import mark_for_translation as _mft
+from seedsigner.gui.components import SeedSignerIconConstants
 from seedsigner.gui.screens import RET_CODE__POWER_BUTTON, RET_CODE__BACK_BUTTON
-from seedsigner.gui.screens.screen import BaseScreen, DireWarningScreen, LargeButtonScreen, PowerOffScreen, PowerOffNotRequiredScreen, ResetScreen, WarningScreen
+from seedsigner.gui.screens.screen import BaseScreen, ButtonOption, DireWarningScreen, LargeButtonScreen, PowerOffScreen, PowerOffNotRequiredScreen, ResetScreen, WarningScreen
 from seedsigner.models.settings import Settings, SettingsConstants
 from seedsigner.models.settings_definition import SettingsDefinition
 from seedsigner.models.threads import BaseThread
@@ -17,6 +19,7 @@ class BackStackView:
     pass
 
 
+
 """
     Views contain the biz logic to handle discrete tasks, exactly analogous to a Flask
     request/response function or a Django View. Each page/screen displayed to the user
@@ -181,18 +184,17 @@ class Destination:
 #
 #########################################################################################
 class MainMenuView(View):
-    SCAN = ("Scan", SeedSignerIconConstants.SCAN)
-    SEEDS = ("Seeds", SeedSignerIconConstants.SEEDS)
-    TOOLS = ("Tools", SeedSignerIconConstants.TOOLS)
-    SETTINGS = ("Settings", SeedSignerIconConstants.SETTINGS)
-
+    SCAN = ButtonOption("Scan", SeedSignerIconConstants.SCAN)
+    SEEDS = ButtonOption("Seeds", SeedSignerIconConstants.SEEDS)
+    TOOLS = ButtonOption("Tools", SeedSignerIconConstants.TOOLS)
+    SETTINGS = ButtonOption("Settings", SeedSignerIconConstants.SETTINGS)
 
     def run(self):
         from seedsigner.gui.screens.screen import MainMenuScreen
         button_data = [self.SCAN, self.SEEDS, self.TOOLS, self.SETTINGS]
         selected_menu_num = self.run_screen(
             MainMenuScreen,
-            title="Home",
+            title=_("Home"),
             button_data=button_data,
         )
 
@@ -218,14 +220,14 @@ class MainMenuView(View):
 
 
 class PowerOptionsView(View):
-    RESET = ("Restart", SeedSignerIconConstants.RESTART)
-    POWER_OFF = ("Power Off", SeedSignerIconConstants.POWER)
+    RESET = ButtonOption("Restart", SeedSignerIconConstants.RESTART)
+    POWER_OFF = ButtonOption("Power Off", SeedSignerIconConstants.POWER)
 
     def run(self):
         button_data = [self.RESET, self.POWER_OFF]
         selected_menu_num = self.run_screen(
             LargeButtonScreen,
-            title="Reset / Power",
+            title=_("Reset / Power"),
             show_back_button=True,
             button_data=button_data
         )
@@ -268,38 +270,26 @@ class RestartView(View):
 
 class PowerOffView(View):
     def run(self):
-        if Settings.HOSTNAME == Settings.SEEDSIGNER_OS:
-            self.run_screen(PowerOffNotRequiredScreen)
-            return Destination(BackStackView)
-        else:
-            thread = PowerOffView.PowerOffThread()
-            thread.start()
-            self.run_screen(PowerOffScreen)
-
-
-    class PowerOffThread(BaseThread):
-        def run(self):
-            import time
-            from subprocess import call
-            while self.keep_running:
-                time.sleep(5)
-                call("sudo shutdown --poweroff now", shell=True)
+        self.run_screen(PowerOffNotRequiredScreen)
+        return Destination(BackStackView)
 
 
 
 @dataclass
 class NotYetImplementedView(View):
-    text: str = "This is still on our to-do list!"
     """
         Temporary View to use during dev.
     """
+    text: str = _mft("This is still on our to-do list!")
+
+
     def run(self):
         self.run_screen(
             WarningScreen,
-            title="Work In Progress",
-            status_headline="Not Yet Implemented",
+            title=_("Work In Progress"),
+            status_headline=_("Not Yet Implemented"),
             text=self.text,
-            button_data=["Back to Main Menu"],
+            button_data=[ButtonOption("Back to Main Menu")],
         )
 
         return Destination(MainMenuView)
@@ -308,13 +298,12 @@ class NotYetImplementedView(View):
 
 @dataclass
 class ErrorView(View):
-    title: str = "Error"
+    title: str = _mft("Error")
     show_back_button: bool = True
     status_headline: str = None
     text: str = None
     button_text: str = None
-    next_destination: Destination = field(default_factory=lambda: Destination(MainMenuView, clear_history=True))
-
+    next_destination: Destination = None
 
     def run(self):
         self.run_screen(
@@ -322,30 +311,30 @@ class ErrorView(View):
             title=self.title,
             status_headline=self.status_headline,
             text=self.text,
-            button_data=[self.button_text],
+            button_data=[ButtonOption(self.button_text)],
             show_back_button=self.show_back_button,
         )
-
-        return self.next_destination
+        return self.next_destination if self.next_destination else Destination(MainMenuView, clear_history=True)
 
 
 
 @dataclass
 class NetworkMismatchErrorView(ErrorView):
-    title: str = "Network Mismatch"
-    show_back_button: bool = False
-    button_text: str = "Change Setting"
-    next_destination: Destination = None
-
+    derivation_path: str = None
 
     def __post_init__(self):
+        from seedsigner.views.settings_views import SettingsEntryUpdateSelectionView
+        self.title: str = _("Network Mismatch")
+        self.show_back_button: bool = False
+        self.button_text: str = _("Change Setting")
+        self.next_destination = Destination(SettingsEntryUpdateSelectionView, view_args=dict(attr_name=SettingsConstants.SETTING__NETWORK), clear_history=True)
         super().__post_init__()
-        if not self.text:
-            self.text = f"Current network setting ({self.settings.get_value_display_name(SettingsConstants.SETTING__NETWORK)}) doesn't match current action."
 
-        if not self.next_destination:
-            from seedsigner.views.settings_views import SettingsEntryUpdateSelectionView
-            self.next_destination = Destination(SettingsEntryUpdateSelectionView, view_args=dict(attr_name=SettingsConstants.SETTING__NETWORK), clear_history=True)
+        # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: Inserts mainnet/testnet/regtest and derivation path
+        self.text = _("Current network setting ({}) doesn't match {}.").format(
+            self.settings.get_value_display_name(SettingsConstants.SETTING__NETWORK),
+            self.derivation_path,
+        )
 
 
 
@@ -357,11 +346,9 @@ class UnhandledExceptionView(View):
     def run(self):
         self.run_screen(
             DireWarningScreen,
-            title="System Error",
+            title=_("System Error"),
             status_headline=self.error[0],
             text=self.error[1] + "\n" + self.error[2],
-            button_data=["OK"],
-            show_back_button=False,
             allow_text_overflow=True,  # Fit what we can, let the rest go off the edges
         )
         
@@ -371,21 +358,25 @@ class UnhandledExceptionView(View):
 
 @dataclass
 class OptionDisabledView(View):
-    UPDATE_SETTING = "Update Setting"
-    DONE = "Done"
+    UPDATE_SETTING = ButtonOption("Update Setting")
+    DONE = ButtonOption("Done")
     settings_attr: str
 
     def __post_init__(self):
         super().__post_init__()
         self.settings_entry = SettingsDefinition.get_settings_entry(self.settings_attr)
-        self.error_msg = f"\"{self.settings_entry.display_name}\" is currently disabled in Settings."
+
+        # TRANSLATOR_NOTE: Inserts the name of a settings option (e.g. "Persistent Settings" is currently...)
+        self.error_msg = _("\"{}\" is currently disabled in Settings.").format(
+            _(self.settings_entry.display_name),
+        )
 
 
     def run(self):
         button_data = [self.UPDATE_SETTING, self.DONE]
         selected_menu_num = self.run_screen(
             WarningScreen,
-            title="Option Disabled",
+            title=_("Option Disabled"),
             status_headline=None,
             text=self.error_msg,
             button_data=button_data,
@@ -398,26 +389,3 @@ class OptionDisabledView(View):
             return Destination(SettingsEntryUpdateSelectionView, view_args=dict(attr_name=self.settings_attr), clear_history=True)
         else:
             return Destination(MainMenuView, clear_history=True)
-
-
-
-class RemoveMicroSDWarningView(View):
-    """
-        Warning to remove the microsd
-    """
-    def __init__(self, next_view: View):
-        super().__init__()
-        self.next_view = next_view
-
-    def run(self):
-        self.run_screen(
-            WarningScreen,
-            title="Security Tip",
-            status_icon_name=FontAwesomeIconConstants.SDCARD,
-            status_headline="",
-            text="For maximum security,\nremove the MicroSD card\nbefore continuing.",
-            show_back_button=False,
-            button_data=["Continue"],
-        )
-
-        return Destination(self.next_view, clear_history=True)

tests/README.md

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 The tests are designed to be run on non-Raspi hardware.
 
+## Setup
 On your testing machine you'll have to install:
 ```bash
 # general dependencies
@@ -16,6 +17,14 @@ Then make the `seedsigner` python module visible/importable to the tests by inst
 pip3 install -e .
 ```
 
+## Running all tests, calculating overall test coverage
+tldr: just run the convenience script from the project root:
+
+```bash
+./tests/run_full_coverage.sh
+```
+
+## Running tests manually
 Run the whole test suite:
 ```
 pytest
@@ -45,18 +54,30 @@ Annoying complications:
 * Better idea: use a proper logger in the test file and use one of the above options to display logs
 
 
-### Test Coverage
+## Screenshot generator
+The screenshot generator is meant to mostly be a utility and not really part of the test suite. However,
+it is actually implemented to be run by `pytest`.
+
+see: [Screenshot generator README](screenshot_generator/README.md)
+
+
+## Generate coverage manually
 Run tests and generate test coverage
-```
+```bash
 coverage run -m pytest
 ```
 
-Show the resulting test coverage details:
+The screenshots can generate their own separate coverage report:
+```bash
+coverage run -m pytest tests/screenshot_generator/generator.py --locale es
 ```
+
+Show the resulting test coverage details:
+```bash
 coverage report
 ```
 
-Generate the html overview:
-```
+Generate the interactive html report:
+```bash
 coverage html
-```
+```

tests/run_full_coverage.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# Clean up any prior coverage results
+coverage erase
+
+# Run the full test suite; `--parallel` writes coverage results to a separate file
+# (otherwise it'll be overwritten in the next step)
+coverage run --parallel -m pytest
+
+# Generate screenshots (only need to run for one locale to assess coverage)
+coverage run --parallel -m pytest tests/screenshot_generator/generator.py --locale es
+
+# Combine the above coverage results
+coverage combine
+
+# Show the report in the terminal
+coverage report
+
+# Generate the interactive html report
+coverage html

tests/screenshot_generator/README.md

@@ -1,8 +1,21 @@
 # Screenshot Generator
 
 From the project root, run:
-```
+```bash
+# Generate screenshots for a specific locale
+pytest tests/screenshot_generator/generator.py --locale es
+
+# Generate screenshots for all supported locales
 pytest tests/screenshot_generator/generator.py
 ```
 
+You can also run a `coverage` report to see exactly what the screenshots are and are not hitting:
+```bash
+coverage erase
+coverage run -m pytest tests/screenshot_generator/generator.py --locale es && coverage combine && coverage report
+
+# Generate the interactive html report
+coverage html
+```
+
 Writes the screenshots to a dir in the project root: `seedsigner-screenshots`.

tests/screenshot_generator/generator.py

@@ -1,47 +1,112 @@
 import embit
+import pathlib
+import pytest
 import os
 import random
 import sys
 import time
 from unittest.mock import Mock, patch, MagicMock
-from seedsigner.helpers import embit_utils
 
 from embit import compact
 from embit.psbt import PSBT, OutputScope
 from embit.script import Script
 
-from seedsigner.helpers import embit_utils
-from seedsigner.models.psbt_parser import OPCODES, PSBTParser
-
-
 # Prevent importing modules w/Raspi hardware dependencies.
 # These must precede any SeedSigner imports.
 sys.modules['seedsigner.hardware.ST7789'] = MagicMock()
-sys.modules['seedsigner.gui.screens.screensaver'] = MagicMock()
-sys.modules['seedsigner.views.screensaver'] = MagicMock()
+sys.modules['seedsigner.views.screensaver.ScreensaverScreen'] = MagicMock()
 sys.modules['RPi'] = MagicMock()
 sys.modules['RPi.GPIO'] = MagicMock()
 sys.modules['seedsigner.hardware.camera'] = MagicMock()
 sys.modules['seedsigner.hardware.microsd'] = MagicMock()
 
+# Force the screenshots to mimic Pi Zero's output without libraqm
+patch('PIL.ImageFont.core.HAVE_RAQM', False).start()
 
 from seedsigner.controller import Controller
 from seedsigner.gui.renderer import Renderer
+from seedsigner.gui.screens.seed_screens import SeedAddPassphraseScreen
 from seedsigner.gui.toast import BaseToastOverlayManagerThread, RemoveSDCardToastManagerThread, SDCardStateChangeToastManagerThread
 from seedsigner.hardware.microsd import MicroSD
+from seedsigner.helpers import embit_utils
 from seedsigner.models.decode_qr import DecodeQR
+from seedsigner.models.psbt_parser import OPCODES, PSBTParser
 from seedsigner.models.qr_type import QRType
 from seedsigner.models.seed import Seed
+from seedsigner.models.settings import Settings
 from seedsigner.models.settings_definition import SettingsConstants, SettingsDefinition
 from seedsigner.views import (MainMenuView, PowerOptionsView, RestartView, NotYetImplementedView, UnhandledExceptionView, 
     psbt_views, seed_views, settings_views, tools_views)
+from seedsigner.views.screensaver import OpeningSplashView
 from seedsigner.views.view import ErrorView, NetworkMismatchErrorView, OptionDisabledView, PowerOffView, View
 
-from .utils import ScreenshotComplete, ScreenshotRenderer
+from .utils import ScreenshotComplete, ScreenshotConfig, ScreenshotRenderer
+
+import warnings; warnings.warn = lambda *args, **kwargs: None
 
 
 
-def test_generate_screenshots(target_locale):
+# Dynamically generate a pytest test run for each locale
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("locale", [x for x, y in SettingsConstants.ALL_LOCALES])
+def test_generate_all(locale, target_locale):
+    """
+    `target_locale` is a fixture created in conftest.py via the `--locale` command line arg.
+
+    Optionally skips all other locales.
+    """
+    if target_locale and locale != target_locale:
+        pytest.skip(f"Skipping {locale}")
+    
+    generate_screenshots(locale)
+
+
+
+"""**************************************************************************************
+    Set up global test data that will be re-used across a variety of screenshots and for
+    all locales.
+**************************************************************************************"""
+BASE64_PSBT_1 = """cHNidP8BAP06AQIAAAAC5l4E3oEjI+H0im8t/K2nLmF5iJFdKEiuQs8ESveWJKcAAAAAAP3///8iBZMRhYIq4s/LmnTmKBi79M8ITirmsbO++63evK4utwAAAAAA/f///wZYQuoDAAAAACIAIAW5jm3UnC5fyjKCUZ8LTzjENtb/ioRTaBMXeSXsB3n+bK2fCgAAAAAWABReJY7akT1+d+jx475yBRWORdBd7VxbUgUAAAAAFgAU4wj9I/jB3GjNQudNZAca+7g9R16iWtYOAAAAABYAFIotPApLZlfscg8f3ppKqO3qA5nv7BnMFAAAAAAiACAs6SGc8qv4FwuNl0G0SpMZG8ODUEk5RXiWUcuzzw5iaRSfAhMAAAAAIgAgW0f5QxQIgVCGQqKzsvfkXZjUxdFop5sfez6Pt8mUbmZ1AgAAAAEAkgIAAAABAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAD/////BQIRAgEB/////wJAvkAlAAAAACIAIIRPoo2LvkrwrhrYFhLhlP43izxbA4Eo6Y6iFFiQYdXRAAAAAAAAAAAmaiSqIant4vYcP3HR3v0/qZnfo2lTdVxpBol5mWK0i+vYNpdOjPkAAAAAAQErQL5AJQAAAAAiACCET6KNi75K8K4a2BYS4ZT+N4s8WwOBKOmOohRYkGHV0QEFR1EhArGhNdUqlR4BAOLGTMrY2ZJYTQNRudp7fU7i8crRJqgEIQNDxn7PjUzvsP6KYw4s7dmoZE0qO1K6MaM+2ScRZ7hyxFKuIgYCsaE11SqVHgEA4sZMytjZklhNA1G52nt9TuLxytEmqAQcc8XaCjAAAIABAACAAAAAgAIAAIAAAAAAAwAAACIGA0PGfs+NTO+w/opjDizt2ahkTSo7Uroxoz7ZJxFnuHLEHCK94akwAACAAQAAgAAAAIACAACAAAAAAAMAAAAAAQCSAgAAAAEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAP////8FAhACAQH/////AkC+QCUAAAAAIgAghE+ijYu+SvCuGtgWEuGU/jeLPFsDgSjpjqIUWJBh1dEAAAAAAAAAACZqJKohqe3i9hw/cdHe/T+pmd+jaVN1XGkGiXmZYrSL69g2l06M+QAAAAABAStAvkAlAAAAACIAIIRPoo2LvkrwrhrYFhLhlP43izxbA4Eo6Y6iFFiQYdXRAQVHUSECsaE11SqVHgEA4sZMytjZklhNA1G52nt9TuLxytEmqAQhA0PGfs+NTO+w/opjDizt2ahkTSo7Uroxoz7ZJxFnuHLEUq4iBgKxoTXVKpUeAQDixkzK2NmSWE0DUbnae31O4vHK0SaoBBxzxdoKMAAAgAEAAIAAAACAAgAAgAAAAAADAAAAIgYDQ8Z+z41M77D+imMOLO3ZqGRNKjtSujGjPtknEWe4csQcIr3hqTAAAIABAACAAAAAgAIAAIAAAAAAAwAAAAABAUdRIQJ5XLCBS0hdo4NANq4lNhimzhyHj7dvObmPAwNj8L2xASEC9mwwoH28/WHnxbb6z05sJ/lHuvrLs/wOooHgFn5ulI1SriICAnlcsIFLSF2jg0A2riU2GKbOHIePt285uY8DA2PwvbEBHCK94akwAACAAQAAgAAAAIACAACAAQAAAAEAAAAiAgL2bDCgfbz9YefFtvrPTmwn+Ue6+suz/A6igeAWfm6UjRxzxdoKMAAAgAEAAIAAAACAAgAAgAEAAAABAAAAAAAAAAEBR1EhAgpbWcEh7rgvRE5UaCcqzWL/TR1B/DS8UeZsKVEvuKLrIQOwLg0emiQbbxafIh69Xjtpj4eclsMhKq1y/7vYDdE7LVKuIgICCltZwSHuuC9ETlRoJyrNYv9NHUH8NLxR5mwpUS+4ouscc8XaCjAAAIABAACAAAAAgAIAAIAAAAAABQAAACICA7AuDR6aJBtvFp8iHr1eO2mPh5yWwyEqrXL/u9gN0TstHCK94akwAACAAQAAgAAAAIACAACAAAAAAAUAAAAAAQFHUSECk50GLh/YhZaLJkDq/dugU3H/WvE6rTgQuY6N57pI4ykhA/H8MdLVP9SA/Hg8l3hvibSaC1bCBzwz7kTW+rsEZ8uFUq4iAgKTnQYuH9iFlosmQOr926BTcf9a8TqtOBC5jo3nukjjKRxzxdoKMAAAgAEAAIAAAACAAgAAgAAAAAAGAAAAIgID8fwx0tU/1ID8eDyXeG+JtJoLVsIHPDPuRNb6uwRny4UcIr3hqTAAAIABAACAAAAAgAIAAIAAAAAABgAAAAA="""
+mnemonic_12b = ["abandon"] * 11 + ["about"]
+seed_12b = Seed(mnemonic=mnemonic_12b, wordlist_language_code=SettingsConstants.WORDLIST_LANGUAGE__ENGLISH)
+
+def add_op_return_to_psbt(psbt: PSBT, raw_payload_data: bytes):
+    data = (compact.to_bytes(OPCODES.OP_RETURN) + 
+        compact.to_bytes(OPCODES.OP_PUSHDATA1) + 
+        compact.to_bytes(len(raw_payload_data)) +
+        raw_payload_data)
+    script = Script(data)
+    output = OutputScope()
+    output.script_pubkey = script
+    output.value = 0
+    psbt.outputs.append(output)
+    return psbt.to_string()
+
+# Prep a PSBT with a human-readable OP_RETURN
+raw_payload_data = "Chancellor on the brink of third bailout for banks".encode()
+psbt = PSBT.from_base64(BASE64_PSBT_1)
+
+# Simplify the output side
+output = psbt.outputs[-1]
+psbt.outputs.clear()
+psbt.outputs.append(output)
+assert len(psbt.outputs) == 1
+BASE64_PSBT_WITH_OP_RETURN_TEXT = add_op_return_to_psbt(psbt, raw_payload_data)
+
+# Prep a PSBT with a (repeatably) random 80-byte OP_RETURN
+random.seed(6102)
+BASE64_PSBT_WITH_OP_RETURN_RAW_BYTES = add_op_return_to_psbt(PSBT.from_base64(BASE64_PSBT_1), random.randbytes(80))
+
+mnemonic_12 = "forum undo fragile fade shy sign arrest garment culture tube off merit".split()
+mnemonic_24 = "attack pizza motion avocado network gather crop fresh patrol unusual wild holiday candy pony ranch winter theme error hybrid van cereal salon goddess expire".split()
+seed_12 = Seed(mnemonic=mnemonic_12, passphrase="cap*BRACKET3stove", wordlist_language_code=SettingsConstants.WORDLIST_LANGUAGE__ENGLISH)
+seed_24 = Seed(mnemonic=mnemonic_24, passphrase="some-PASS*phrase9", wordlist_language_code=SettingsConstants.WORDLIST_LANGUAGE__ENGLISH)
+seed_24_w_passphrase = Seed(mnemonic=mnemonic_24, passphrase="some-PASS*phrase9", wordlist_language_code=SettingsConstants.WORDLIST_LANGUAGE__ENGLISH)
+
+MULTISIG_WALLET_DESCRIPTOR = """wsh(sortedmulti(1,[22bde1a9/48h/1h/0h/2h]tpubDFfsBrmpj226ZYiRszYi2qK6iGvh2vkkghfGB2YiRUVY4rqqedHCFEgw12FwDkm7rUoVtq9wLTKc6BN2sxswvQeQgp7m8st4FP8WtP8go76/{0,1}/*,[73c5da0a/48h/1h/0h/2h]tpubDFH9dgzveyD8zTbPUFuLrGmCydNvxehyNdUXKJAQN8x4aZ4j6UZqGfnqFrD4NqyaTVGKbvEW54tsvPTK2UoSbCC1PJY8iCNiwTL3RWZEheQ/{0,1}/*))#3jhtf6yx"""
+
+
+
+def generate_screenshots(locale):
     """
         The `Renderer` class is mocked so that calls in the normal code are ignored
         (necessary to avoid having it trying to wire up hardware dependencies).
@@ -58,323 +123,358 @@ def test_generate_screenshots(target_locale):
     Renderer.configure_instance = Mock()
     Renderer.get_instance = Mock(return_value=screenshot_renderer)
 
-    # Additional mocks needed
-    PowerOffView.PowerOffThread = Mock()  # Don't let this View actually send the `shutdown` command!
 
-    controller = Controller.get_instance()
+    def setup_screenshots(locale: str) -> dict[str, list[ScreenshotConfig]]:
+        """ Set up some test data that we'll need in the `Controller` for certain Views """
+        # Must reset the Controller so each locale gets a fresh start
+        Controller.reset_instance()
+        controller = Controller.get_instance()
 
-    # Set up some test data that we'll need in the `Controller` for certain Views
-    mnemonic_12 = "forum undo fragile fade shy sign arrest garment culture tube off merit".split()
-    mnemonic_24 = "attack pizza motion avocado network gather crop fresh patrol unusual wild holiday candy pony ranch winter theme error hybrid van cereal salon goddess expire".split()
-    mnemonic_12b = ["abandon"] * 11 + ["about"]
-    seed_12 = Seed(mnemonic=mnemonic_12, passphrase="cap*BRACKET3stove", wordlist_language_code=SettingsConstants.WORDLIST_LANGUAGE__ENGLISH)
-    seed_12b = Seed(mnemonic=mnemonic_12b, wordlist_language_code=SettingsConstants.WORDLIST_LANGUAGE__ENGLISH)
-    seed_24 = Seed(mnemonic=mnemonic_24, wordlist_language_code=SettingsConstants.WORDLIST_LANGUAGE__ENGLISH)
-    seed_24_w_passphrase = Seed(mnemonic=mnemonic_24, passphrase="some-PASS*phrase9", wordlist_language_code=SettingsConstants.WORDLIST_LANGUAGE__ENGLISH)
-    controller.storage.seeds.append(seed_12)
-    controller.storage.seeds.append(seed_12b)
-    controller.storage.seeds.append(seed_24)
-    controller.storage.set_pending_seed(seed_24_w_passphrase)
-    UnhandledExceptionViewFood = ["IndexError", "line 1, in some_buggy_code.py", "list index out of range"]
+        controller.settings.set_value(SettingsConstants.SETTING__SIG_TYPES, [attr for attr, name in SettingsConstants.ALL_SIG_TYPES])
+        controller.settings.set_value(SettingsConstants.SETTING__SCRIPT_TYPES, [attr for attr, name in SettingsConstants.ALL_SCRIPT_TYPES])
 
-    # Pending mnemonic for ToolsCalcFinalWordShowFinalWordView
-    controller.storage.init_pending_mnemonic(num_words=12)
-    for i, word in enumerate(mnemonic_12[:11]):
-        controller.storage.update_pending_mnemonic(word=word, index=i)
-    controller.storage.update_pending_mnemonic(word="satoshi", index=11)  # random last word; not supposed to be a valid checksum (yet)
+        controller.storage.seeds.append(seed_12)
+        controller.storage.seeds.append(seed_12b)
+        controller.storage.seeds.append(seed_24)
+        controller.storage.set_pending_seed(seed_24_w_passphrase)
 
-    # Load a PSBT into memory
-    BASE64_PSBT_1 = """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"""
-    decoder = DecodeQR()
-    decoder.add_data(BASE64_PSBT_1)
-    controller.psbt = decoder.get_psbt()
-    controller.psbt_seed = seed_12b
+        # Pending mnemonic for ToolsCalcFinalWordShowFinalWordView
+        controller.storage.init_pending_mnemonic(num_words=12)
+        for i, word in enumerate(mnemonic_12[:11]):
+            controller.storage.update_pending_mnemonic(word=word, index=i)
+        controller.storage.update_pending_mnemonic(word="satoshi", index=11)  # random last word; not supposed to be a valid checksum (yet)
 
-    def add_op_return_to_psbt(psbt: PSBT, raw_payload_data: bytes):
-        data = (compact.to_bytes(OPCODES.OP_RETURN) + 
-            compact.to_bytes(OPCODES.OP_PUSHDATA1) + 
-            compact.to_bytes(len(raw_payload_data)) +
-            raw_payload_data)
-        script = Script(data)
-        output = OutputScope()
-        output.script_pubkey = script
-        output.value = 0
-        psbt.outputs.append(output)
-        return psbt.to_string()
+        # Load a PSBT into memory
+        decoder = DecodeQR()
+        decoder.add_data(BASE64_PSBT_1)
+        controller.psbt = decoder.get_psbt()
+        controller.psbt_seed = seed_12b
 
-    # Prep a PSBT with a human-readable OP_RETURN
-    raw_payload_data = "Chancellor on the brink of third bailout for banks".encode()
-    psbt = PSBT.from_base64(BASE64_PSBT_1)
+        # Message signing data
+        derivation_path = "m/84h/0h/0h/0/0"
+        controller.sign_message_data = {
+            "seed_num": 0,
+            "derivation_path": derivation_path,
+            "message": "I attest that I control this bitcoin address blah blah blah",
+            "addr_format": embit_utils.parse_derivation_path(derivation_path)
+        }
 
-    # Simplify the output side
-    output = psbt.outputs[-1]
-    psbt.outputs.clear()
-    psbt.outputs.append(output)
-    assert len(psbt.outputs) == 1
-    BASE64_PSBT_WITH_OP_RETURN_TEXT = add_op_return_to_psbt(psbt, raw_payload_data)
+        # Automatically populate all Settings options Views
+        settings_views_list = []
+        settings_views_list.append(ScreenshotConfig(settings_views.SettingsMenuView))
+        settings_views_list.append(
+            ScreenshotConfig(
+                settings_views.SettingsMenuView,
+                dict(
+                    visibility=SettingsConstants.VISIBILITY__ADVANCED,
+                    selected_attr=SettingsConstants.SETTING__ELECTRUM_SEEDS,
+                    initial_scroll=240,  # Just guessing how many pixels to scroll down
+                ),
+                screenshot_name="SettingsMenuView__Advanced"
+            )
+        )
 
-    # Prep a PSBT with a (repeatably) random 80-byte OP_RETURN
-    random.seed(6102)
-    BASE64_PSBT_WITH_OP_RETURN_RAW_BYTES = add_op_return_to_psbt(PSBT.from_base64(BASE64_PSBT_1), random.randbytes(80))
+        # so we get a choice for transcribe seed qr format
+        controller.settings.set_value(
+            attr_name=SettingsConstants.SETTING__COMPACT_SEEDQR,
+            value=SettingsConstants.OPTION__ENABLED
+        )
+        for settings_entry in SettingsDefinition.settings_entries:
+            if settings_entry.visibility == SettingsConstants.VISIBILITY__HIDDEN:
+                continue
+
+            settings_views_list.append(ScreenshotConfig(settings_views.SettingsEntryUpdateSelectionView, dict(attr_name=settings_entry.attr_name), screenshot_name=f"SettingsEntryUpdateSelectionView_{settings_entry.attr_name}"))
+
+        settingsqr_data_persistent = f"settings::v1 name=English_noob_mode persistent=E coords=spa,spd denom=thr network=M qr_density=M xpub_export=E sigs=ss scripts=nat xpub_details=E passphrase=E camera=0 compact_seedqr=E bip85=D priv_warn=E dire_warn=E partners=E locale={locale}"
+        settingsqr_data_not_persistent = f"settings::v1 name=Mode_Ephemeral persistent=D coords=spa,spd denom=thr network=M qr_density=M xpub_export=E sigs=ss scripts=nat xpub_details=E passphrase=E camera=0 compact_seedqr=E bip85=D priv_warn=E dire_warn=E partners=E locale={locale}"
 
 
-    # Multisig wallet descriptor for the multisig in the above PSBT
-    MULTISIG_WALLET_DESCRIPTOR = """wsh(sortedmulti(1,[22bde1a9/48h/1h/0h/2h]tpubDFfsBrmpj226ZYiRszYi2qK6iGvh2vkkghfGB2YiRUVY4rqqedHCFEgw12FwDkm7rUoVtq9wLTKc6BN2sxswvQeQgp7m8st4FP8WtP8go76/{0,1}/*,[73c5da0a/48h/1h/0h/2h]tpubDFH9dgzveyD8zTbPUFuLrGmCydNvxehyNdUXKJAQN8x4aZ4j6UZqGfnqFrD4NqyaTVGKbvEW54tsvPTK2UoSbCC1PJY8iCNiwTL3RWZEheQ/{0,1}/*))#3jhtf6yx"""
-    controller.multisig_wallet_descriptor = embit.descriptor.Descriptor.from_string(MULTISIG_WALLET_DESCRIPTOR)
-    
-    # Message signing data
-    derivation_path = "m/84h/0h/0h/0/0"
-    controller.sign_message_data = {
-        "seed_num": 0,
-        "derivation_path": derivation_path,
-        "message": "I attest that I control this bitcoin address blah blah blah",
-        "addr_format": embit_utils.parse_derivation_path(derivation_path)
-    }
+        # Set up screenshot-specific callbacks to inject data before the View is run and
+        # reset data after the View is run.
+        def load_basic_psbt_cb():
+            decoder = DecodeQR()
+            decoder.add_data(BASE64_PSBT_1)
+            controller.psbt = decoder.get_psbt()
+            controller.psbt_seed = seed_12b
+            controller.multisig_wallet_descriptor = None
 
-    # Automatically populate all Settings options Views
-    settings_views_list = []
-    settings_views_list.append(settings_views.SettingsMenuView)
-    settings_views_list.append((
-        settings_views.SettingsMenuView,
-        dict(
-            visibility=SettingsConstants.VISIBILITY__ADVANCED,
-            selected_attr=SettingsConstants.SETTING__ELECTRUM_SEEDS,
-            initial_scroll=240,  # Just guessing how many pixels to scroll down
-        ),
-        "SettingsMenuView__Advanced"
-    ))
 
-    # so we get a choice for transcribe seed qr format
-    controller.settings.set_value(
-        attr_name=SettingsConstants.SETTING__COMPACT_SEEDQR,
-        value=SettingsConstants.OPTION__ENABLED
-    )
-    for settings_entry in SettingsDefinition.settings_entries:
-        if settings_entry.visibility == SettingsConstants.VISIBILITY__HIDDEN:
-            continue
+        def load_multisig_wallet_descriptor_cb():
+            controller.multisig_wallet_descriptor = embit.descriptor.Descriptor.from_string(MULTISIG_WALLET_DESCRIPTOR)
 
-        settings_views_list.append((settings_views.SettingsEntryUpdateSelectionView, dict(attr_name=settings_entry.attr_name), f"SettingsEntryUpdateSelectionView_{settings_entry.attr_name}"))
-    
 
-    settingsqr_data_persistent = "settings::v1 name=Total_noob_mode persistent=E coords=spa,spd denom=thr network=M qr_density=M xpub_export=E sigs=ss scripts=nat xpub_details=E passphrase=E camera=0 compact_seedqr=E bip85=D priv_warn=E dire_warn=E partners=E"
-    settingsqr_data_not_persistent = "settings::v1 name=Ephemeral_noob_mode persistent=D coords=spa,spd denom=thr network=M qr_density=M xpub_export=E sigs=ss scripts=nat xpub_details=E passphrase=E camera=0 compact_seedqr=E bip85=D priv_warn=E dire_warn=E partners=E"
+        def load_address_verification_data_cb():
+            controller.unverified_address = dict(
+                # These are all totally fake data
+                address="bc1q6p00wazu4nnqac29fvky6vhjnnhku5u2g9njss62rvy7e0yuperq86f5ek",
+                network=SettingsConstants.MAINNET,
+                sig_type=SettingsConstants.SINGLE_SIG,
+                script_type=SettingsConstants.NATIVE_SEGWIT,
+                derivation_path = "m/84h/0h/0h",
+                verified_index=5,
+                verified_index_is_change=False
+            )
 
-    screenshot_sections = {
-        "Main Menu Views": [
-            MainMenuView,
-            (MainMenuView, {}, 'MainMenuView_SDCardStateChangeToast_removed', SDCardStateChangeToastManagerThread(action=MicroSD.ACTION__REMOVED)),
-            (MainMenuView, {}, 'MainMenuView_SDCardStateChangeToast_inserted', SDCardStateChangeToastManagerThread(action=MicroSD.ACTION__INSERTED)),
-            (MainMenuView, {}, 'MainMenuView_RemoveSDCardToast', RemoveSDCardToastManagerThread(activation_delay=0)),
-            PowerOptionsView,
-            RestartView,
-            PowerOffView,
-        ],
-        "Seed Views": [
-            seed_views.SeedsMenuView,
-            seed_views.LoadSeedView,
-            seed_views.SeedMnemonicEntryView,
-            seed_views.SeedMnemonicInvalidView,
-            seed_views.SeedFinalizeView,
-            seed_views.SeedAddPassphraseView,
-            seed_views.SeedAddPassphraseExitDialogView,
-            seed_views.SeedReviewPassphraseView,
-            
-            (seed_views.SeedOptionsView, dict(seed_num=0)),
-            (seed_views.SeedBackupView, dict(seed_num=0)),
-            (seed_views.SeedExportXpubSigTypeView, dict(seed_num=0)),
-            (seed_views.SeedExportXpubScriptTypeView, dict(seed_num=0, sig_type="msig")),
-            (seed_views.SeedExportXpubCustomDerivationView, dict(seed_num=0, sig_type="ss", script_type="")),
-            (seed_views.SeedExportXpubCoordinatorView, dict(seed_num=0, sig_type="ss", script_type="nat")),
-            (seed_views.SeedExportXpubWarningView, dict(seed_num=0, sig_type="msig", script_type="nes", coordinator="spd", custom_derivation="")),
-            (seed_views.SeedExportXpubDetailsView, dict(seed_num=0, sig_type="ss", script_type="nat", coordinator="bw", custom_derivation="")),
-            #SeedExportXpubQRDisplayView,
-            (seed_views.SeedWordsWarningView, dict(seed_num=0)),
-            (seed_views.SeedWordsView, dict(seed_num=0)),
-            (seed_views.SeedWordsView, dict(seed_num=0, page_index=2), "SeedWordsView_2"),
-            (seed_views.SeedBIP85ApplicationModeView, dict(seed_num=0)),
-            (seed_views.SeedBIP85SelectChildIndexView, dict(seed_num=0, num_words=24)),
-            (seed_views.SeedBIP85InvalidChildIndexView, dict(seed_num=0, num_words=12)), 
-            (seed_views.SeedWordsBackupTestPromptView, dict(seed_num=0)),
-            (seed_views.SeedWordsBackupTestView, dict(seed_num=0)),
-            (seed_views.SeedWordsBackupTestMistakeView, dict(seed_num=0, cur_index=7, wrong_word="unlucky")),
-            (seed_views.SeedWordsBackupTestSuccessView, dict(seed_num=0)),
-            (seed_views.SeedTranscribeSeedQRFormatView, dict(seed_num=0)),
-            (seed_views.SeedTranscribeSeedQRWarningView, dict(seed_num=0)),
-            (seed_views.SeedTranscribeSeedQRWholeQRView, dict(seed_num=0, seedqr_format=QRType.SEED__COMPACTSEEDQR, num_modules=21), "SeedTranscribeSeedQRWholeQRView_12_Compact"),
-            (seed_views.SeedTranscribeSeedQRWholeQRView, dict(seed_num=0, seedqr_format=QRType.SEED__SEEDQR, num_modules=25), "SeedTranscribeSeedQRWholeQRView_12_Standard"),
-            (seed_views.SeedTranscribeSeedQRWholeQRView, dict(seed_num=2, seedqr_format=QRType.SEED__COMPACTSEEDQR, num_modules=25), "SeedTranscribeSeedQRWholeQRView_24_Compact"),
-            (seed_views.SeedTranscribeSeedQRWholeQRView, dict(seed_num=2, seedqr_format=QRType.SEED__SEEDQR, num_modules=29), "SeedTranscribeSeedQRWholeQRView_24_Standard"),
 
-            # Screenshot doesn't render properly due to how the transparency mask is pre-rendered
-            # (seed_views.SeedTranscribeSeedQRZoomedInView, dict(seed_num=0, seedqr_format=QRType.SEED__SEEDQR)),
+        def PSBTSelectSeedView_cb_before():
+            # Have to ensure this is cleared out in order to get the seed selection screen
+            controller.psbt_seed = None
 
-            (seed_views.SeedTranscribeSeedQRConfirmQRPromptView, dict(seed_num=0)),
 
-            # Screenshot can't render live preview screens
-            # (seed_views.SeedTranscribeSeedQRConfirmScanView, dict(seed_num=0)),
+        def PSBTOverviewView_op_return_cb_before():
+            controller.psbt_seed = seed_12b
+            decoder = DecodeQR()
+            decoder.add_data(BASE64_PSBT_WITH_OP_RETURN_TEXT)
+            controller.psbt = decoder.get_psbt()
+            controller.psbt_parser = PSBTParser(p=controller.psbt, seed=seed_12b)
+        
 
-            #(seed_views.AddressVerificationStartView, dict(address=, script_type="nat", network="M")),
-            #seed_views.AddressVerificationSigTypeView,
-            #seed_views.SeedSingleSigAddressVerificationSelectSeedView,
-            #seed_views.SeedAddressVerificationView,
-            #seed_views.AddressVerificationSuccessView,
+        def PSBTOpReturnView_raw_hex_data_cb_before():
+            decoder.add_data(BASE64_PSBT_WITH_OP_RETURN_RAW_BYTES)
+            controller.psbt = decoder.get_psbt()
+            controller.psbt_parser = PSBTParser(p=controller.psbt, seed=seed_12b)
 
-            seed_views.LoadMultisigWalletDescriptorView,
-            seed_views.MultisigWalletDescriptorView,
-            (seed_views.SeedDiscardView, dict(seed_num=0)),
 
-            seed_views.SeedSignMessageConfirmMessageView,
-            seed_views.SeedSignMessageConfirmAddressView,
+        screenshot_sections = {
+            "Main Menu Views": [
+                ScreenshotConfig(OpeningSplashView, dict(is_screenshot_renderer=True, force_partner_logos=True)),
+                ScreenshotConfig(OpeningSplashView, dict(is_screenshot_renderer=True, force_partner_logos=False), screenshot_name="OpeningSplashView_no_partner_logos"),
+                ScreenshotConfig(MainMenuView),
+                ScreenshotConfig(MainMenuView, screenshot_name='MainMenuView_SDCardStateChangeToast_removed',  toast_thread=SDCardStateChangeToastManagerThread(action=MicroSD.ACTION__REMOVED, activation_delay=0, duration=0)),
+                ScreenshotConfig(MainMenuView, screenshot_name='MainMenuView_SDCardStateChangeToast_inserted', toast_thread=SDCardStateChangeToastManagerThread(action=MicroSD.ACTION__INSERTED, activation_delay=0, duration=0)),
+                ScreenshotConfig(MainMenuView, screenshot_name='MainMenuView_RemoveSDCardToast',               toast_thread=RemoveSDCardToastManagerThread(activation_delay=0, duration=0)),
+                ScreenshotConfig(PowerOptionsView),
+                ScreenshotConfig(RestartView),
+                ScreenshotConfig(PowerOffView),
+            ],
+            "Seed Views": [
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedsMenuView),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.LoadSeedView),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedMnemonicEntryView),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedMnemonicInvalidView),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedFinalizeView),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedAddPassphraseView, screenshot_name="SeedAddPassphraseView_lowercase"),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedAddPassphraseView, dict(initial_keyboard=SeedAddPassphraseScreen.KEYBOARD__UPPERCASE_BUTTON_TEXT), screenshot_name="SeedAddPassphraseView_uppercase"),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedAddPassphraseView, dict(initial_keyboard=SeedAddPassphraseScreen.KEYBOARD__DIGITS_BUTTON_TEXT),    screenshot_name="SeedAddPassphraseView_digits"),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedAddPassphraseView, dict(initial_keyboard=SeedAddPassphraseScreen.KEYBOARD__SYMBOLS_1_BUTTON_TEXT), screenshot_name="SeedAddPassphraseView_symbols_1"),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedAddPassphraseView, dict(initial_keyboard=SeedAddPassphraseScreen.KEYBOARD__SYMBOLS_2_BUTTON_TEXT), screenshot_name="SeedAddPassphraseView_symbols_2"),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedAddPassphraseExitDialogView),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedReviewPassphraseView),
+                
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedOptionsView, dict(seed_num=0)),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedBackupView, dict(seed_num=0)),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedExportXpubSigTypeView, dict(seed_num=0)),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedExportXpubScriptTypeView, dict(seed_num=0, sig_type="msig")),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedExportXpubCustomDerivationView, dict(seed_num=0, sig_type="ss", script_type="")),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedExportXpubCoordinatorView, dict(seed_num=0, sig_type="ss", script_type="nat")),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedExportXpubWarningView, dict(seed_num=0, sig_type="msig", script_type="nes", coordinator="spd", custom_derivation="")),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedExportXpubDetailsView, dict(seed_num=0, sig_type="ss", script_type="nat", coordinator="bw", custom_derivation="")),
+                #ScreenshotConfig(SeedExportXpubQRDisplayView),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedWordsWarningView, dict(seed_num=0)),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedWordsView, dict(seed_num=0)),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedWordsView, dict(seed_num=0, page_index=2), screenshot_name="SeedWordsView_2"),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedBIP85ApplicationModeView, dict(seed_num=0)),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedBIP85SelectChildIndexView, dict(seed_num=0, num_words=24)),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedBIP85InvalidChildIndexView, dict(seed_num=0, num_words=12)), 
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedWordsBackupTestPromptView, dict(seed_num=0)),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedWordsBackupTestView, dict(seed_num=0, rand_seed=6102)),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedWordsBackupTestMistakeView, dict(seed_num=0, cur_index=7, wrong_word="satoshi")),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedWordsBackupTestSuccessView, dict(seed_num=0)),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedTranscribeSeedQRFormatView, dict(seed_num=0)),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedTranscribeSeedQRWarningView, dict(seed_num=0)),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedTranscribeSeedQRWholeQRView, dict(seed_num=0, seedqr_format=QRType.SEED__COMPACTSEEDQR, num_modules=21), screenshot_name="SeedTranscribeSeedQRWholeQRView_12_Compact"),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedTranscribeSeedQRWholeQRView, dict(seed_num=0, seedqr_format=QRType.SEED__SEEDQR, num_modules=25),        screenshot_name="SeedTranscribeSeedQRWholeQRView_12_Standard"),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedTranscribeSeedQRWholeQRView, dict(seed_num=2, seedqr_format=QRType.SEED__COMPACTSEEDQR, num_modules=25), screenshot_name="SeedTranscribeSeedQRWholeQRView_24_Compact"),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedTranscribeSeedQRWholeQRView, dict(seed_num=2, seedqr_format=QRType.SEED__SEEDQR, num_modules=29),        screenshot_name="SeedTranscribeSeedQRWholeQRView_24_Standard"),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedTranscribeSeedQRZoomedInView, dict(seed_num=0, seedqr_format=QRType.SEED__COMPACTSEEDQR, initial_block_x=1, initial_block_y=1), screenshot_name="SeedTranscribeSeedQRZoomedInView_12_Compact"),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedTranscribeSeedQRZoomedInView, dict(seed_num=0, seedqr_format=QRType.SEED__SEEDQR, initial_block_x=2, initial_block_y=2),        screenshot_name="SeedTranscribeSeedQRZoomedInView_12_Standard"),
 
-            seed_views.SeedElectrumMnemonicStartView,
-        ],
-        "PSBT Views": [
-            psbt_views.PSBTSelectSeedView, # this will fail, be rerun below
-            psbt_views.PSBTOverviewView,
-            psbt_views.PSBTUnsupportedScriptTypeWarningView,
-            psbt_views.PSBTNoChangeWarningView,
-            psbt_views.PSBTMathView,
-            (psbt_views.PSBTAddressDetailsView, dict(address_num=0)),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedTranscribeSeedQRConfirmQRPromptView, dict(seed_num=0)),
 
-            (NotYetImplementedView, {}, "PSBTChangeDetailsView_multisig_unverified"),  # Must manually re-run this below
-            (psbt_views.PSBTChangeDetailsView, dict(change_address_num=0), "PSBTChangeDetailsView_multisig_verified"),
+                # Screenshot can't render live preview screens
+                # ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedTranscribeSeedQRConfirmScanView, dict(seed_num=0)),
 
-            (NotYetImplementedView, {}, "PSBTOverviewView_op_return"),  # Placeholder
-            (NotYetImplementedView, {}, "PSBTOpReturnView_text"),       # Placeholder
-            (NotYetImplementedView, {}, "PSBTOpReturnView_raw_hex_data"),  # Placeholder
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedSelectSeedView, dict(flow=Controller.FLOW__VERIFY_SINGLESIG_ADDR), screenshot_name="SeedSelectSeedView_address_verification"),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.AddressVerificationSigTypeView),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedAddressVerificationView, dict(seed_num=0), run_before=load_address_verification_data_cb),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedAddressVerificationSuccessView, dict(seed_num=0)),  # Relies on callback above
 
-            (psbt_views.PSBTAddressVerificationFailedView, dict(is_change=True, is_multisig=False), "PSBTAddressVerificationFailedView_singlesig_change"),
-            (psbt_views.PSBTAddressVerificationFailedView, dict(is_change=False, is_multisig=False), "PSBTAddressVerificationFailedView_singlesig_selftransfer"),
-            (psbt_views.PSBTAddressVerificationFailedView, dict(is_change=True, is_multisig=True), "PSBTAddressVerificationFailedView_multisig_change"),
-            (psbt_views.PSBTAddressVerificationFailedView, dict(is_change=False, is_multisig=True), "PSBTAddressVerificationFailedView_multisig_selftransfer"),
-            psbt_views.PSBTFinalizeView,
-            #PSBTSignedQRDisplayView
-            psbt_views.PSBTSigningErrorView,
-        ],
-        "Tools Views": [
-            tools_views.ToolsMenuView,
-            #ToolsImageEntropyLivePreviewView
-            #ToolsImageEntropyFinalImageView
-            tools_views.ToolsImageEntropyMnemonicLengthView,
-            tools_views.ToolsDiceEntropyMnemonicLengthView,
-            (tools_views.ToolsDiceEntropyEntryView, dict(total_rolls=50)),
-            tools_views.ToolsCalcFinalWordNumWordsView,
-            tools_views.ToolsCalcFinalWordFinalizePromptView,
-            tools_views.ToolsCalcFinalWordCoinFlipsView,
-            (tools_views.ToolsCalcFinalWordShowFinalWordView, {}, "ToolsCalcFinalWordShowFinalWordView_pick_word"),
-            (tools_views.ToolsCalcFinalWordShowFinalWordView, dict(coin_flips="0010101"), "ToolsCalcFinalWordShowFinalWordView_coin_flips"),
-            #tools_views.ToolsCalcFinalWordDoneView,
-            tools_views.ToolsAddressExplorerSelectSourceView,
-            tools_views.ToolsAddressExplorerAddressTypeView,
-            tools_views.ToolsAddressExplorerAddressListView,
-            #tools_views.ToolsAddressExplorerAddressView,
-        ],
-        "Settings Views": settings_views_list + [
-            settings_views.IOTestView,
-            settings_views.DonateView,
-            (settings_views.SettingsIngestSettingsQRView, dict(data=settingsqr_data_persistent), "SettingsIngestSettingsQRView_persistent"),
-            (settings_views.SettingsIngestSettingsQRView, dict(data=settingsqr_data_not_persistent), "SettingsIngestSettingsQRView_not_persistent"),
-        ],
-        "Misc Error Views": [
-            NotYetImplementedView,
-            (UnhandledExceptionView, dict(error=UnhandledExceptionViewFood)),
-            NetworkMismatchErrorView,
-            (OptionDisabledView, dict(settings_attr=SettingsConstants.SETTING__MESSAGE_SIGNING)),
-            (ErrorView, dict(
-                title="Error",
-                status_headline="Unknown QR Type",
-                text="QRCode is invalid or is a data format not yet supported.",
-                button_text="Back",
-            )),
-        ]
-    }
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.LoadMultisigWalletDescriptorView),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.MultisigWalletDescriptorView, run_before=load_multisig_wallet_descriptor_cb),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedDiscardView, dict(seed_num=0)),
 
-    readme = f"""# SeedSigner Screenshots\n"""
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedSelectSeedView, dict(flow=Controller.FLOW__SIGN_MESSAGE), screenshot_name="SeedSelectSeedView_sign_message"),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedSignMessageConfirmMessageView),
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedSignMessageConfirmAddressView),
 
-    def screencap_view(view_cls: View, view_args: dict = {}, view_name: str = None, toast_thread: BaseToastOverlayManagerThread = None):
-        if not view_name:
-            view_name = view_cls.__name__
-        screenshot_renderer.set_screenshot_filename(f"{view_name}.png")
+                ScreenshotConfig(seed_views.SeedElectrumMnemonicStartView),
+            ],
+            "PSBT Views": [
+                ScreenshotConfig(psbt_views.PSBTSelectSeedView, run_before=PSBTSelectSeedView_cb_before),
+                ScreenshotConfig(psbt_views.PSBTOverviewView, run_before=load_basic_psbt_cb),
+                ScreenshotConfig(psbt_views.PSBTUnsupportedScriptTypeWarningView),
+                ScreenshotConfig(psbt_views.PSBTNoChangeWarningView),
+                ScreenshotConfig(psbt_views.PSBTMathView),
+                ScreenshotConfig(psbt_views.PSBTAddressDetailsView, dict(address_num=0)),
+
+                ScreenshotConfig(psbt_views.PSBTChangeDetailsView, dict(change_address_num=0), screenshot_name="PSBTChangeDetailsView_multisig_unverified", run_before=load_basic_psbt_cb),
+                ScreenshotConfig(psbt_views.PSBTChangeDetailsView, dict(change_address_num=0), screenshot_name="PSBTChangeDetailsView_multisig_verified", run_before=load_multisig_wallet_descriptor_cb),
+                ScreenshotConfig(psbt_views.PSBTOverviewView, screenshot_name="PSBTOverviewView_op_return", run_before=PSBTOverviewView_op_return_cb_before),
+                ScreenshotConfig(psbt_views.PSBTOpReturnView, screenshot_name="PSBTOpReturnView_text"),  # Relies on callback above
+                ScreenshotConfig(psbt_views.PSBTOpReturnView, screenshot_name="PSBTOpReturnView_raw_hex_data", run_before=PSBTOpReturnView_raw_hex_data_cb_before),
+                ScreenshotConfig(psbt_views.PSBTAddressVerificationFailedView, dict(is_change=True, is_multisig=False),  screenshot_name="PSBTAddressVerificationFailedView_singlesig_change"),
+                ScreenshotConfig(psbt_views.PSBTAddressVerificationFailedView, dict(is_change=False, is_multisig=False), screenshot_name="PSBTAddressVerificationFailedView_singlesig_selftransfer"),
+                ScreenshotConfig(psbt_views.PSBTAddressVerificationFailedView, dict(is_change=True, is_multisig=True),   screenshot_name="PSBTAddressVerificationFailedView_multisig_change"),
+                ScreenshotConfig(psbt_views.PSBTAddressVerificationFailedView, dict(is_change=False, is_multisig=True),  screenshot_name="PSBTAddressVerificationFailedView_multisig_selftransfer"),
+                ScreenshotConfig(psbt_views.PSBTFinalizeView),
+                #ScreenshotConfig(PSBTSignedQRDisplayViewScreenshotConfig),
+                ScreenshotConfig(psbt_views.PSBTSigningErrorView),
+            ],
+            "Tools Views": [
+                ScreenshotConfig(tools_views.ToolsMenuView),
+                #ScreenshotConfig(ToolsImageEntropyLivePreviewView),
+                #ScreenshotConfig(ToolsImageEntropyFinalImageView),
+                ScreenshotConfig(tools_views.ToolsImageEntropyMnemonicLengthView),
+                ScreenshotConfig(tools_views.ToolsDiceEntropyMnemonicLengthView),
+                ScreenshotConfig(tools_views.ToolsDiceEntropyEntryView, dict(total_rolls=50)),
+                ScreenshotConfig(tools_views.ToolsCalcFinalWordNumWordsView),
+                ScreenshotConfig(tools_views.ToolsCalcFinalWordFinalizePromptView),
+                ScreenshotConfig(tools_views.ToolsCalcFinalWordCoinFlipsView),
+                ScreenshotConfig(tools_views.ToolsCalcFinalWordShowFinalWordView, screenshot_name="ToolsCalcFinalWordShowFinalWordView_pick_word"),
+                ScreenshotConfig(tools_views.ToolsCalcFinalWordShowFinalWordView, dict(coin_flips="0010101"), screenshot_name="ToolsCalcFinalWordShowFinalWordView_coin_flips"),
+                ScreenshotConfig(tools_views.ToolsCalcFinalWordDoneView),
+                ScreenshotConfig(tools_views.ToolsAddressExplorerSelectSourceView),
+                ScreenshotConfig(tools_views.ToolsAddressExplorerAddressTypeView),
+                ScreenshotConfig(tools_views.ToolsAddressExplorerAddressListView),
+                # ScreenshotConfig(tools_views.ToolsAddressExplorerAddressView),
+            ],
+            "Settings Views": settings_views_list + [
+                ScreenshotConfig(settings_views.IOTestView),
+                ScreenshotConfig(settings_views.DonateView),
+                ScreenshotConfig(settings_views.SettingsIngestSettingsQRView, dict(data=settingsqr_data_persistent), screenshot_name="SettingsIngestSettingsQRView_persistent"),
+                ScreenshotConfig(settings_views.SettingsIngestSettingsQRView, dict(data=settingsqr_data_not_persistent), screenshot_name="SettingsIngestSettingsQRView_not_persistent"),
+            ],
+            "Misc Error Views": [
+                ScreenshotConfig(NotYetImplementedView),
+                ScreenshotConfig(UnhandledExceptionView, dict(error=["IndexError", "line 1, in some_buggy_code.py", "list index out of range"])),
+                ScreenshotConfig(NetworkMismatchErrorView, dict(derivation_path="m/84'/1'/0'")),
+                ScreenshotConfig(OptionDisabledView, dict(settings_attr=SettingsConstants.SETTING__MESSAGE_SIGNING)),
+                ScreenshotConfig(ErrorView, dict(
+                    title="Error",
+                    status_headline="Unknown QR Type",
+                    text="QRCode is invalid or is a data format not yet supported.",
+                    button_text="Back",
+                )),
+            ]
+        }
+
+        return screenshot_sections
+
+
+    def screencap_view(screenshot_config: ScreenshotConfig):
+        # Block until we have exclusive access to the screenshot renderer. Without this
+        # we were occasionally running into confusing race conditions where the next
+        # screenshot would begin rendering over the previous one. Claiming the lock
+        # guarantees that the previous screenshot has been fully rendered and saved.
+        with screenshot_renderer.lock:
+            screenshot_renderer.set_screenshot_filename(f"{screenshot_config.screenshot_name}.png")
+
+        controller = Controller.get_instance()
+        toast_thread = screenshot_config.toast_thread
         try:
-            print(f"Running {view_name}")
+            print(f"Running {screenshot_config.screenshot_name}")
             try:
-                view_cls(**view_args).run()
+                screenshot_config.run_callback_before()
+                screenshot_config.View_cls(**screenshot_config.view_kwargs).run()
             except ScreenshotComplete:
+                # The target View has run and its Screen has rendered what it needs to
                 if toast_thread is not None:
+                    # Now run the Toast so it can render on top of the current image buffer
                     controller.activate_toast(toast_thread)
                     while controller.toast_notification_thread.is_alive():
-                        time.sleep(0.1)
+                        # Give the Toast a moment to complete its work
+
+                        time.sleep(0.01)
+
+                    # TODO: Necessary now that the lock is in place?
+                    # Whenever possible, clean up toast thread HERE before killing the
+                    # main thread with ScreenshotComplete.
+                    toast_thread.stop()
+                    toast_thread.join()
                 raise ScreenshotComplete()
         except ScreenshotComplete:
             # Slightly hacky way to exit ScreenshotRenderer as expected
-            pass
-            print(f"Completed {view_name}")
+            print(f"Completed {screenshot_config.screenshot_name}")
         except Exception as e:
             # Something else went wrong
             from traceback import print_exc
             print_exc()
             raise e
         finally:
-            if toast_thread:
+            if toast_thread and toast_thread.is_alive():
                 toast_thread.stop()
+                toast_thread.join()
 
-    for section_name, screenshot_list in screenshot_sections.items():
+            screenshot_config.run_callback_after()
+
+
+    # Parse the main `l10n/messages.pot` for overall stats
+    messages_source_path = os.path.join(pathlib.Path(__file__).parent.resolve().parent.resolve().parent.resolve(), "l10n", "messages.pot")
+    with open(messages_source_path, 'r') as messages_source_file:
+        num_source_messages = messages_source_file.read().count("msgid \"") - 1
+
+    locale_tuple_list = [locale_tuple for locale_tuple in SettingsConstants.ALL_LOCALES if locale_tuple[0] == locale]
+    if not locale_tuple_list:
+        raise Exception(f"Invalid locale: {locale}")
+
+    locale, display_name = locale_tuple_list[0]
+
+    Settings.get_instance().set_value(SettingsConstants.SETTING__LOCALE, value=locale)
+
+    locale_readme = f"""# SeedSigner Screenshots: {display_name}\n"""
+
+    # Report the translation progress
+    if locale != SettingsConstants.LOCALE__ENGLISH:
+        try:
+            translated_messages_path = os.path.join(pathlib.Path(__file__).parent.resolve().parent.resolve().parent.resolve(), "src", "seedsigner", "resources", "seedsigner-translations", "l10n", locale, "LC_MESSAGES", "messages.po") 
+            with open(translated_messages_path, 'r') as translation_file:
+                locale_translations = translation_file.read()
+                num_locale_translations = locale_translations.count("msgid \"") - locale_translations.count("""msgstr ""\n\n""") - 1
+
+                if locale != "en":
+                    locale_readme += f"## Translation progress: {num_locale_translations / num_source_messages:.1%}\n\n"
+                locale_readme += "---\n\n"
+        except Exception as e:
+            from traceback import print_exc
+            print_exc()
+
+    for section_name, screenshot_list in setup_screenshots(locale).items():
         subdir = section_name.lower().replace(" ", "_")
-        screenshot_renderer.set_screenshot_path(os.path.join(screenshot_root, subdir))
-        readme += "\n\n---\n\n"
-        readme += f"## {section_name}\n\n"
-        readme += """<table style="border: 0;">"""
-        readme += f"""<tr><td align="center">\n"""
-        for screenshot in screenshot_list:
-            if type(screenshot) == tuple:
-                if len(screenshot) == 2:
-                    view_cls, view_args = screenshot
-                    view_name = view_cls.__name__
-                elif len(screenshot) == 3:
-                    view_cls, view_args, view_name = screenshot
-                elif len(screenshot) == 4:
-                    view_cls, view_args, view_name, toast_thread = screenshot
-            else:
-                view_cls = screenshot
-                view_args = {}
-                view_name = view_cls.__name__
-                toast_thread = None
+        screenshot_renderer.set_screenshot_path(os.path.join(screenshot_root, locale, subdir))
+        locale_readme += "\n\n---\n\n"
+        locale_readme += f"## {section_name}\n\n"
+        locale_readme += """<table style="border: 0;">"""
+        locale_readme += f"""<tr><td align="center">"""
+        for screenshot_config in screenshot_list:
+            screencap_view(screenshot_config)
+            locale_readme += """  <table align="left" style="border: 1px solid gray;">"""
+            locale_readme += f"""<tr><td align="center">{screenshot_config.screenshot_name}<br/><br/><img src="{subdir}/{screenshot_config.screenshot_name}.png"></td></tr>"""
+            locale_readme += """</table>\n"""
 
-            screencap_view(view_cls, view_args=view_args, view_name=view_name, toast_thread=toast_thread)
-            readme += """  <table align="left" style="border: 1px solid gray;">"""
-            readme += f"""<tr><td align="center">{view_name}<br/><br/><img src="{subdir}/{view_name}.png"></td></tr>"""
-            readme += """</table>\n"""
+        locale_readme += "</td></tr></table>"
 
-        readme += "</td></tr></table>"
+    with open(os.path.join(screenshot_root, locale, "README.md"), 'w') as readme_file:
+        readme_file.write(locale_readme)
 
-    # Re-render some screens that require more manual intervention / setup than the above
-    # scripting can support.
-    screenshot_renderer.set_screenshot_path(os.path.join(screenshot_root, "psbt_views"))
+    print(f"Done with locale: {locale}.")
 
-    # Render the PSBTChangeDetailsView_multisig_unverified screenshot
-    decoder = DecodeQR()
-    decoder.add_data(BASE64_PSBT_1)
-    controller.psbt = decoder.get_psbt()
-    controller.psbt_seed = seed_12b
-    controller.multisig_wallet_descriptor = None
-    screencap_view(psbt_views.PSBTChangeDetailsView, view_name='PSBTChangeDetailsView_multisig_unverified', view_args=dict(change_address_num=0))
+    # Write the main README; ensure it writes all locales, not just the one that may
+    # have been specified for this run.
+    with open(os.path.join("tests", "screenshot_generator", "template.md"), 'r') as readme_template:
+        main_readme = readme_template.read()
 
-    controller.psbt_seed = None
-    screencap_view(psbt_views.PSBTSelectSeedView, view_name='PSBTSelectSeedView')
-
-    # Render OP_RETURN screens for real
-    controller.psbt_seed = seed_12b
-    decoder = DecodeQR()
-    decoder.add_data(BASE64_PSBT_WITH_OP_RETURN_TEXT)
-    controller.psbt = decoder.get_psbt()
-    controller.psbt_parser = PSBTParser(p=controller.psbt, seed=seed_12b)
-    screencap_view(psbt_views.PSBTOverviewView, view_name='PSBTOverviewView_op_return')
-    screencap_view(psbt_views.PSBTOpReturnView, view_name="PSBTOpReturnView_text")
-
-    decoder.add_data(BASE64_PSBT_WITH_OP_RETURN_RAW_BYTES)
-    controller.psbt = decoder.get_psbt()
-    controller.psbt_parser = PSBTParser(p=controller.psbt, seed=seed_12b)
-    screencap_view(psbt_views.PSBTOpReturnView, view_name="PSBTOpReturnView_raw_hex_data")
+    for locale, display_name in SettingsConstants.ALL_LOCALES:
+        main_readme += f"* [{display_name}]({locale}/README.md)\n"
 
     with open(os.path.join(screenshot_root, "README.md"), 'w') as readme_file:
-       readme_file.write(readme)
+        readme_file.write(main_readme)

tests/screenshot_generator/template.md

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# SeedSigner Screenshots 
+
+SeedSigner screenshots can be freely used in any tutorial, article, video, etc. As a courtesy, please link back to this repo or the SeedSigner website in your attribution.
+
+![](en/main_menu_views/MainMenuView.png) ![](en/psbt_views/PSBTOverviewView.png)
+
+![](en/seed_views/SeedOptionsView.png) ![](en/tools_views/ToolsMenuView.png)
+
+
+## Generating screenshots
+The screenshot generator is integrated into the SeedSigner test suite and requires a local copy of the SeedSigner repo with the test suite dependencies installed.
+
+see: https://github.com/SeedSigner/seedsigner/blob/dev/tests/screenshot_generator/README.md
+
+
+## Currently supported or in-progress languages

tests/screenshot_generator/utils.py

@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 import os
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
 from PIL import Image, ImageDraw
+
 from seedsigner.gui.renderer import Renderer
+from seedsigner.gui.toast import BaseToastOverlayManagerThread
+from seedsigner.views.view import View
 
 
 
@@ -37,7 +42,7 @@ class ScreenshotRenderer(Renderer):
         self.screenshot_path = path
 
 
-    def show_image(self, image=None, alpha_overlay=None, is_background_thread: bool = False):
+    def show_image(self, image=None, alpha_overlay=None, is_background_thread: bool = False):            
         if is_background_thread:
             return
 
@@ -53,3 +58,30 @@ class ScreenshotRenderer(Renderer):
         self.canvas.save(os.path.join(self.screenshot_path, self.screenshot_filename))
         raise ScreenshotComplete()
 
+
+
+@dataclass
+class ScreenshotConfig:
+    View_cls: View
+    view_kwargs: dict = None
+    screenshot_name: str = None
+    toast_thread: BaseToastOverlayManagerThread = None
+    run_before: callable = None
+    run_after: callable = None
+
+
+    def __post_init__(self):
+        if not self.view_kwargs:
+            self.view_kwargs = {}
+        if not self.screenshot_name:
+            self.screenshot_name = self.View_cls.__name__
+
+
+    def run_callback_before(self):
+        if self.run_before:
+            self.run_before()
+    
+
+    def run_callback_after(self):
+        if self.run_after:
+            self.run_after()

tests/test_bip85.py

@@ -1,10 +1,4 @@
-import pytest
-from unittest.mock import MagicMock
 from seedsigner.models.seed import Seed
-from embit import bip39
-
-from seedsigner.models.settings import SettingsConstants
-
 
 
 def test_derive_child_mnemonic():

tests/test_controller.py

@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class TestController(BaseTest):
         controller = Controller.get_instance()
 
         # Settings defaults
-        assert controller.settings.get_value(SettingsConstants.SETTING__LANGUAGE) == SettingsConstants.LANGUAGE__ENGLISH
+        assert controller.settings.get_value(SettingsConstants.SETTING__LOCALE) == SettingsConstants.LOCALE__ENGLISH
         assert controller.settings.get_value(SettingsConstants.SETTING__WORDLIST_LANGUAGE) == SettingsConstants.WORDLIST_LANGUAGE__ENGLISH
         assert controller.settings.get_value(SettingsConstants.SETTING__PERSISTENT_SETTINGS) == SettingsConstants.OPTION__DISABLED
         assert controller.settings.get_value(SettingsConstants.SETTING__COORDINATORS) == [i for i,j in SettingsConstants.ALL_COORDINATORS if i!="kpr"]

tests/test_flows_l10n.py

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from gettext import gettext as _
+
+# Must import test base before the Controller
+from base import FlowTest, FlowStep
+
+from seedsigner.gui.screens.screen import RET_CODE__BACK_BUTTON, ButtonOption
+from seedsigner.models.settings_definition import SettingsConstants, SettingsDefinition
+from seedsigner.views import settings_views
+from seedsigner.views.view import MainMenuView
+
+
+
+class TestL10nFlows(FlowTest):
+    def test_change_locale(self):
+        settings_entry = SettingsDefinition.get_settings_entry(SettingsConstants.SETTING__LOCALE)
+        spanish_display_name = [locale_tuple[1] for locale_tuple in SettingsConstants.ALL_LOCALES if locale_tuple[0] == SettingsConstants.LOCALE__SPANISH][0]
+
+        # Initially we get English
+        assert _(MainMenuView.SCAN.button_label) == "Scan"
+
+        self.run_sequence([
+            FlowStep(MainMenuView, button_data_selection=MainMenuView.SETTINGS),
+            FlowStep(settings_views.SettingsMenuView, button_data_selection=ButtonOption(settings_entry.display_name)),
+            FlowStep(settings_views.SettingsEntryUpdateSelectionView, button_data_selection=ButtonOption(spanish_display_name)),
+        ])
+
+        # Now we don't get English
+        assert _(MainMenuView.SCAN.button_label) != "Scan"

tests/test_flows_psbt.py

@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ class TestPSBTFlows(FlowTest):
 			FlowStep(psbt_views.PSBTSigningErrorView, button_data_selection=psbt_views.PSBTSigningErrorView.SELECT_DIFF_SEED),
 			FlowStep(psbt_views.PSBTSelectSeedView, button_data_selection=psbt_views.PSBTSelectSeedView.SCAN_SEED),
 			FlowStep(scan_views.ScanSeedQRView, before_run=load_seed_into_decoder),
-			FlowStep(seed_views.SeedFinalizeView, button_data_selection=SettingsConstants.LABEL__BIP39_PASSPHRASE),
+			FlowStep(seed_views.SeedFinalizeView, button_data_selection=seed_views.SeedFinalizeView.PASSPHRASE),
 			FlowStep(seed_views.SeedAddPassphraseView, screen_return_value=dict(passphrase="abc")),
 			FlowStep(seed_views.SeedReviewPassphraseView, button_data_selection=seed_views.SeedReviewPassphraseView.DONE),
 			FlowStep(seed_views.SeedOptionsView, is_redirect=True),

tests/test_flows_seed.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import pytest
 from base import BaseTest, FlowTest, FlowStep
 from base import FlowTestInvalidButtonDataSelectionException
 
-from seedsigner.gui.screens.screen import RET_CODE__BACK_BUTTON
+from seedsigner.gui.screens.screen import RET_CODE__BACK_BUTTON, ButtonOption
 from seedsigner.models.settings import Settings, SettingsConstants
 from seedsigner.models.seed import ElectrumSeed, Seed
 from seedsigner.views.view import ErrorView, MainMenuView, OptionDisabledView, View, NetworkMismatchErrorView
@@ -40,10 +40,10 @@ class TestSeedFlows(FlowTest):
         self.run_sequence([
             FlowStep(MainMenuView, button_data_selection=MainMenuView.SCAN),
             FlowStep(scan_views.ScanView, before_run=load_seed_into_decoder),  # simulate read SeedQR; ret val is ignored
-            FlowStep(seed_views.SeedFinalizeView, button_data_selection=SettingsConstants.LABEL__BIP39_PASSPHRASE),
+            FlowStep(seed_views.SeedFinalizeView, button_data_selection=seed_views.SeedFinalizeView.PASSPHRASE),
             FlowStep(seed_views.SeedAddPassphraseView, screen_return_value=dict(passphrase="muhpassphrase", is_back_button=True)),
             FlowStep(seed_views.SeedAddPassphraseExitDialogView, button_data_selection=seed_views.SeedAddPassphraseExitDialogView.DISCARD),
-            FlowStep(seed_views.SeedFinalizeView, button_data_selection=SettingsConstants.LABEL__BIP39_PASSPHRASE),
+            FlowStep(seed_views.SeedFinalizeView, button_data_selection=seed_views.SeedFinalizeView.PASSPHRASE),
             FlowStep(seed_views.SeedAddPassphraseView, screen_return_value=dict(passphrase="muhpassphrase", is_back_button=True)),
             FlowStep(seed_views.SeedAddPassphraseExitDialogView, button_data_selection=seed_views.SeedAddPassphraseExitDialogView.EDIT),
             FlowStep(seed_views.SeedAddPassphraseView, screen_return_value=dict(passphrase="muhpassphrase")),
@@ -183,15 +183,18 @@ class TestSeedFlows(FlowTest):
         """
             Selecting "Export XPUB" from the SeedOptionsView should enter the Export XPUB flow and end at the MainMenuView
         """
-
         def flowtest_standard_xpub(sig_tuple, script_tuple, coord_tuple):
+            if sig_tuple[0] == SettingsConstants.SINGLE_SIG:
+                sig_selection = seed_views.SeedExportXpubSigTypeView.SINGLE_SIG
+            else:
+                sig_selection = seed_views.SeedExportXpubSigTypeView.MULTISIG
             self.run_sequence(
                 initial_destination_view_args=dict(seed_num=0),
                 sequence=[
                     FlowStep(seed_views.SeedOptionsView, button_data_selection=seed_views.SeedOptionsView.EXPORT_XPUB),
-                    FlowStep(seed_views.SeedExportXpubSigTypeView, button_data_selection=sig_tuple[1]),
-                    FlowStep(seed_views.SeedExportXpubScriptTypeView, button_data_selection=script_tuple[1]),
-                    FlowStep(seed_views.SeedExportXpubCoordinatorView, button_data_selection=coord_tuple[1]),
+                    FlowStep(seed_views.SeedExportXpubSigTypeView, button_data_selection=sig_selection),
+                    FlowStep(seed_views.SeedExportXpubScriptTypeView, button_data_selection=ButtonOption(script_tuple[1], return_data=script_tuple[0])),
+                    FlowStep(seed_views.SeedExportXpubCoordinatorView, button_data_selection=ButtonOption(coord_tuple[1], return_data=coord_tuple[0])),
                     FlowStep(seed_views.SeedExportXpubWarningView, screen_return_value=0),
                     FlowStep(seed_views.SeedExportXpubDetailsView, screen_return_value=0),
                     FlowStep(seed_views.SeedExportXpubQRDisplayView, screen_return_value=0),
@@ -303,10 +306,18 @@ class TestSeedFlows(FlowTest):
             SettingsConstants.CUSTOM_DERIVATION
         ])
 
-        # get display names to access button choices in the views (ugh: hardcoding, is there a better way?)
-        sig_type = self.settings.get_multiselect_value_display_names(SettingsConstants.SETTING__SIG_TYPES)[0] # single sig
-        script_type = self.settings.get_multiselect_value_display_names(SettingsConstants.SETTING__SCRIPT_TYPES)[2] # custom derivation
-        coordinator = self.settings.get_multiselect_value_display_names(SettingsConstants.SETTING__COORDINATORS)[3] # specter
+        # Ensure that all coordinators are enabled
+        self.settings.set_value(SettingsConstants.SETTING__COORDINATORS, [x for x, y in SettingsConstants.ALL_COORDINATORS])
+
+        # Set up button_data selections
+        sig_type = seed_views.SeedExportXpubSigTypeView.SINGLE_SIG
+
+        custom_derivation = SettingsConstants.CUSTOM_DERIVATION
+        script_type = ButtonOption(self.settings.get_multiselect_value_display_names(SettingsConstants.SETTING__SCRIPT_TYPES)[2], return_data=custom_derivation)
+
+        specter = SettingsConstants.COORDINATOR__SPECTER_DESKTOP
+        assert SettingsConstants.ALL_COORDINATORS[3][0] == specter
+        coordinator = ButtonOption(self.settings.get_multiselect_value_display_names(SettingsConstants.SETTING__COORDINATORS)[3], return_data=specter)
 
         self.run_sequence(
             initial_destination_view_args=dict(seed_num=0),
@@ -377,7 +388,7 @@ class TestSeedFlows(FlowTest):
 
                 # Skips past the script type options via redirect
                 FlowStep(seed_views.SeedExportXpubScriptTypeView, is_redirect=True),
-                FlowStep(seed_views.SeedExportXpubCoordinatorView, button_data_selection=self.settings.get_multiselect_value_display_names(SettingsConstants.SETTING__COORDINATORS)[0]),
+                FlowStep(seed_views.SeedExportXpubCoordinatorView, button_data_selection=ButtonOption(self.settings.get_multiselect_value_display_names(SettingsConstants.SETTING__COORDINATORS)[0], return_data=SettingsConstants.ALL_COORDINATORS[0][0])),
                 FlowStep(seed_views.SeedExportXpubWarningView, screen_return_value=0),
                 FlowStep(seed_views.SeedExportXpubDetailsView, screen_return_value=0),
                 FlowStep(seed_views.SeedExportXpubQRDisplayView, screen_return_value=0),

tests/test_flows_settings.py

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ from base import FlowTest, FlowStep
 
 from seedsigner.models.settings import Settings
 from seedsigner.models.settings_definition import SettingsDefinition, SettingsConstants
-from seedsigner.gui.screens.screen import RET_CODE__BACK_BUTTON
+from seedsigner.gui.screens.screen import RET_CODE__BACK_BUTTON, ButtonOption
 from seedsigner.hardware.microsd import MicroSD
 from seedsigner.views.view import MainMenuView
 from seedsigner.views import scan_views, settings_views
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ class TestSettingsFlows(FlowTest):
 
         self.run_sequence([
             FlowStep(MainMenuView, button_data_selection=MainMenuView.SETTINGS),
-            FlowStep(settings_views.SettingsMenuView, button_data_selection=settings_entry.display_name),
-            FlowStep(settings_views.SettingsEntryUpdateSelectionView, button_data_selection=settings_entry.get_selection_option_display_name_by_value(SettingsConstants.OPTION__ENABLED)),
+            FlowStep(settings_views.SettingsMenuView, button_data_selection=ButtonOption(settings_entry.display_name)),
+            FlowStep(settings_views.SettingsEntryUpdateSelectionView, button_data_selection=ButtonOption(settings_entry.get_selection_option_display_name_by_value(SettingsConstants.OPTION__ENABLED))),
             FlowStep(settings_views.SettingsEntryUpdateSelectionView, screen_return_value=RET_CODE__BACK_BUTTON),
             FlowStep(settings_views.SettingsMenuView),
         ])
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class TestSettingsFlows(FlowTest):
 
         self.run_sequence([
             FlowStep(MainMenuView, button_data_selection=MainMenuView.SETTINGS),
-            FlowStep(settings_views.SettingsMenuView, button_data_selection=settings_entry.display_name),
+            FlowStep(settings_views.SettingsMenuView, button_data_selection=ButtonOption(settings_entry.display_name)),
             FlowStep(settings_views.SettingsEntryUpdateSelectionView, screen_return_value=0),  # select/deselect first option
             FlowStep(settings_views.SettingsEntryUpdateSelectionView, screen_return_value=1),  # select/deselect second option
             FlowStep(settings_views.SettingsEntryUpdateSelectionView, screen_return_value=1),  # select/deselect second option

tests/test_flows_tools.py

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 from base import FlowTest, FlowStep
 
 from seedsigner.controller import Controller
-from seedsigner.gui.screens.screen import RET_CODE__BACK_BUTTON
+from seedsigner.gui.screens.screen import RET_CODE__BACK_BUTTON, ButtonOption
 from seedsigner.models.seed import Seed
 from seedsigner.models.settings_definition import SettingsConstants, SettingsDefinition
 from seedsigner.views.view import ErrorView, MainMenuView
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class TestToolsFlows(FlowTest):
             FlowStep(MainMenuView, button_data_selection=MainMenuView.TOOLS),
             FlowStep(tools_views.ToolsMenuView, button_data_selection=tools_views.ToolsMenuView.ADDRESS_EXPLORER),
             FlowStep(tools_views.ToolsAddressExplorerSelectSourceView, screen_return_value=0),  # ret 1st onboard seed
-            FlowStep(seed_views.SeedExportXpubScriptTypeView, button_data_selection=SettingsDefinition.get_settings_entry(SettingsConstants.SETTING__SCRIPT_TYPES).get_selection_option_display_name_by_value(SettingsConstants.NATIVE_SEGWIT)),
+            FlowStep(seed_views.SeedExportXpubScriptTypeView, button_data_selection=ButtonOption(SettingsDefinition.get_settings_entry(SettingsConstants.SETTING__SCRIPT_TYPES).get_selection_option_display_name_by_value(SettingsConstants.NATIVE_SEGWIT), return_data=SettingsConstants.NATIVE_SEGWIT)),
             FlowStep(tools_views.ToolsAddressExplorerAddressTypeView, button_data_selection=tools_views.ToolsAddressExplorerAddressTypeView.RECEIVE),
             FlowStep(tools_views.ToolsAddressExplorerAddressListView, screen_return_value=10),  # ret NEXT page of addrs
             FlowStep(tools_views.ToolsAddressExplorerAddressListView, screen_return_value=4),  # ret a specific addr from the list
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class TestToolsFlows(FlowTest):
         # Finalize the new seed w/passphrase
         self.run_sequence(
             sequence=[
-                FlowStep(seed_views.SeedFinalizeView, button_data_selection=SettingsConstants.LABEL__BIP39_PASSPHRASE),
+                FlowStep(seed_views.SeedFinalizeView, button_data_selection=seed_views.SeedFinalizeView.PASSPHRASE),
                 FlowStep(seed_views.SeedAddPassphraseView, screen_return_value=dict(passphrase="mypassphrase")),
                 FlowStep(seed_views.SeedReviewPassphraseView, button_data_selection=seed_views.SeedReviewPassphraseView.DONE),
                 FlowStep(seed_views.SeedOptionsView, is_redirect=True),
@@ -242,6 +242,31 @@ class TestToolsFlows(FlowTest):
             FlowStep(scan_views.ScanWalletDescriptorView, before_run=load_descriptor_into_decoder),  # simulate read descriptor QR
             FlowStep(seed_views.MultisigWalletDescriptorView, screen_return_value=0),
             FlowStep(seed_views.SeedAddressVerificationView),
-            FlowStep(seed_views.AddressVerificationSuccessView),
+            FlowStep(seed_views.SeedAddressVerificationSuccessView),
         ])
 
+
+    def test__verify_address__singlesig__flow(self):
+        """
+            Address Explorer should be able to scan a singlesig address and
+            verify it against a loaded key.
+        """
+        controller = Controller.get_instance()
+        controller.storage.set_pending_seed(Seed(mnemonic=["abandon "* 11 + "about"]))
+        controller.storage.finalize_pending_seed()        
+        settings = controller.settings
+        settings.set_value(SettingsConstants.SETTING__NETWORK, SettingsConstants.REGTEST)
+
+        def load_address_into_decoder(view: scan_views.ScanView):
+            # Native segwit regtest receive addr @ index 6
+            view.decoder.add_data("bcrt1q4e9q5taxnsvc6m0uxv6h75mkzvnkxeqk6l90u2")
+
+        self.run_sequence([
+            FlowStep(MainMenuView, button_data_selection=MainMenuView.TOOLS),
+            FlowStep(tools_views.ToolsMenuView, button_data_selection=tools_views.ToolsMenuView.VERIFY_ADDRESS),
+            FlowStep(scan_views.ScanAddressView, before_run=load_address_into_decoder),  # simulate read address QR
+            FlowStep(seed_views.AddressVerificationStartView, is_redirect=True),
+            FlowStep(seed_views.SeedSelectSeedView, screen_return_value=0),
+            FlowStep(seed_views.SeedAddressVerificationView),
+            FlowStep(seed_views.SeedAddressVerificationSuccessView),
+        ])

tests/test_flows_view.py

@@ -28,14 +28,6 @@ class TestViewFlows(FlowTest):
         """
         Basic flow from MainMenuView to PowerOffView
         """
-        with patch('seedsigner.views.view.PowerOffView.PowerOffThread'):
-            self.run_sequence([
-                FlowStep(MainMenuView, screen_return_value=RET_CODE__POWER_BUTTON),
-                FlowStep(PowerOptionsView, button_data_selection=PowerOptionsView.POWER_OFF),
-                FlowStep(PowerOffView),
-            ])
-
-        # And again, but this time as if we were in the SeedSigner OS
         Settings.HOSTNAME = Settings.SEEDSIGNER_OS
         self.run_sequence([
             FlowStep(MainMenuView, screen_return_value=RET_CODE__POWER_BUTTON),

tests/test_l10n.py

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+from gettext import gettext as _
+
+from base import BaseTest
+from seedsigner.gui.screens.screen import ButtonOption
+from seedsigner.helpers.l10n import mark_for_translation as _mft
+from seedsigner.models.settings import Settings
+from seedsigner.models.settings_definition import SettingsConstants
+from seedsigner.views.view import MainMenuView
+
+
+
+class TestGettext(BaseTest):
+    def test_english_as_default(self):
+        # Key is available in other languages, but we get English back
+        assert _("Home") == "Home"
+
+    def test_missing_key_returns_english_key(self):
+        test_str = "This is not in our translation library"
+        assert _(test_str) == test_str
+    
+
+    def test_basic_spanish(self):
+        settings = Settings.get_instance()
+        settings.set_value(SettingsConstants.SETTING__LOCALE, SettingsConstants.LOCALE__SPANISH)
+        assert _("Home") != "Home"
+
+
+    def test_locale_changes(self):
+        settings = Settings.get_instance()
+
+        settings.set_value(SettingsConstants.SETTING__LOCALE, SettingsConstants.LOCALE__SPANISH)
+        spanish_str = _("Home")
+
+        settings.set_value(SettingsConstants.SETTING__LOCALE, SettingsConstants.LOCALE__ENGLISH)
+        assert spanish_str != _("Home")
+        assert _("Home") == "Home"
+
+
+
+class TestButtonOption(BaseTest):
+    def test_english_key_not_translated(self):
+        """ ButtonOption should always return its English key, regardless of current locale setting. """
+        button_option = ButtonOption("Home")
+        settings = Settings.get_instance()
+        settings.set_value(SettingsConstants.SETTING__LOCALE, SettingsConstants.LOCALE__SPANISH)
+
+        assert button_option.button_label == "Home"
+
+        brand_new_button_option = ButtonOption("Tools")
+        assert brand_new_button_option.button_label == "Tools"
+    
+
+    def test_class_level_button_option_english_key_not_translated(self):
+        settings = Settings.get_instance()
+        settings.set_value(SettingsConstants.SETTING__LOCALE, SettingsConstants.LOCALE__SPANISH)
+
+        class FooClass:
+            HOME = ButtonOption("Home")
+        
+        assert FooClass.HOME.button_label == "Home"
+
+
+    def test_gettext_translates_class_level_button_option(self):
+        settings = Settings.get_instance()
+        settings.set_value(SettingsConstants.SETTING__LOCALE, SettingsConstants.LOCALE__SPANISH)
+
+        class BarClass:
+            HOME = ButtonOption("Home")
+
+        assert _(BarClass.HOME.button_label) != "Home"
+
+
+
+class TestMarkForTranslation(BaseTest):
+    def test_english_key_not_translated(self):
+        """ _mft() should always return its English key, regardless of current locale setting. """
+        mft_attr = _mft("Home")
+        settings = Settings.get_instance()
+        settings.set_value(SettingsConstants.SETTING__LOCALE, SettingsConstants.LOCALE__SPANISH)
+
+        assert mft_attr == "Home"
+
+        brand_new_mft_attr = _mft("Tools")
+        assert brand_new_mft_attr == "Tools"
+
+
+    def test_class_level_mft_attr_english_key_not_translated(self):
+        settings = Settings.get_instance()
+        settings.set_value(SettingsConstants.SETTING__LOCALE, SettingsConstants.LOCALE__SPANISH)
+
+        class FooClass:
+            home = _mft("Home")
+        
+        assert FooClass.home == "Home"
+
+
+    def test_gettext_translates_class_level_mft_attr(self):
+        settings = Settings.get_instance()
+        settings.set_value(SettingsConstants.SETTING__LOCALE, SettingsConstants.LOCALE__SPANISH)
+
+        class BarClass:
+            home = _mft("Home")
+
+        assert _(BarClass.home) != "Home"