Merge pull request #645 from Routstr/fix/increase-default-db-pool

fix(db): increase default connection pool capacity

.env.example

@@ -22,6 +22,19 @@ ROUTSTR_SECRET_KEY=
 
 # Database
 # DATABASE_URL=sqlite+aiosqlite:///keys.db
+# Pool controls are validated at boot, sourced only from the environment, and
+# logged at startup. Keep total capacity across all workers below the database
+# connection limit. Pre-ping is automatic for networked backends; SQLite may
+# explicitly opt in if desired.
+# DATABASE_POOL_SIZE=10
+# DATABASE_MAX_OVERFLOW=20
+# DATABASE_POOL_TIMEOUT=15
+# DATABASE_POOL_RECYCLE=1800
+# DATABASE_POOL_PRE_PING=false
+# Warn when a checkout is held this many seconds.
+# DATABASE_POOL_HOLD_WARN_SECONDS=10
+# SQLite serialises writes; increasing its pool can trade pool timeouts for
+# "database is locked" errors rather than increasing write throughput.
 
 # Node Information
 # NAME=My Routstr Node
@@ -31,7 +44,9 @@ ROUTSTR_SECRET_KEY=
 # RELAYS="wss://relay.damus.io,wss://relay.nostr.band,wss://eden.nostr.land,wss://relay.routstr.com"
 # ENABLE_ANALYTICS_SHARING=true
 # CASHU_MINTS="https://mint.minibits.cash/Bitcoin,https://mint.cubabitcoin.org,https://ecashmint.otrta.me"
+# MINT_OPERATION_CONCURRENCY=4
 # RECEIVE_LN_ADDRESS=
+# REFUND_SWEEP_CLAIM_TIMEOUT_SECONDS=900
 
 # Custom Pricing Configuration
 # MODEL_BASED_PRICING=true

docs/api/endpoints.md

@@ -327,62 +327,6 @@ GET /v1/models
 }
 ```
 
-### List Model Paths
-
-Get the selectable upstream routes for each advertised model. This endpoint is
-discovery-only; request-side selection will be added separately.
-
-```http
-GET /v1/models/paths
-```
-
-**Response:**
-
-```json
-{
-  "data": [
-    {
-      "id": "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4",
-      "paths": [
-        {
-          "path": "url=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.anthropic.com%2Fv1&provider-id=12&model-id=anthropic%2Fclaude-sonnet-4",
-          "provider": {"id": 12, "slug": "anthropic-primary", "type": "anthropic"},
-          "endpoint": null
-        },
-        {
-          "path": "url=https%3A%2F%2Fopenrouter.ai%2Fapi%2Fv1&provider-id=42&model-id=anthropic%2Fclaude-sonnet-4&endpoint=google-vertex%2Fus",
-          "provider": {"id": 42, "slug": "openrouter-main", "type": "openrouter"},
-          "endpoint": {"tag": "google-vertex/us", "name": "Google"}
-        }
-      ]
-    }
-  ],
-  "updated_at": 1753500000
-}
-```
-
-`path` is an opaque, percent-encoded selector. Clients must store and return it
-unchanged rather than parsing or reconstructing it. It identifies the exact
-configured route with `url`, `provider-id`, and `model-id`. To avoid exposing
-private network details, a configured private IP address or any URL with an
-explicit port is advertised as `http://localhost`. OpenRouter routes additionally
-preserve the exact machine-readable endpoint `tag`. Provider slugs/types and
-endpoint names remain display data. When request-side selection is implemented,
-an endpoint tag must not silently fall back to another backend.
-
-### List Paths for One Model
-
-Use the exact model ID advertised by `/v1/models`. The query parameter safely
-supports IDs containing `/`.
-
-```http
-GET /v1/models/paths/model?model_id=anthropic/claude-sonnet-4
-```
-
-The response uses the same path objects and `updated_at` field as the collection
-endpoint. An unknown model returns `404 Model not found`. A known model whose
-paths have not been discovered yet returns `200` with an empty `data` array.
-
 ## Wallet Management
 
 ### Create Wallet (Coming Soon)

docs/api/overview.md

@@ -100,7 +100,6 @@ All errors follow a consistent format:
 Standard OpenAI-compatible endpoints:
 
 - **Models**: `/v1/models`
-- **Model paths**: `/v1/models/paths`, `/v1/models/paths/model?model_id=...`
 - **Responses**: `/v1/responses`
 - **Chat Completions**: `/v1/chat/completions`
 - **Embeddings**: `/v1/embeddings`
@@ -303,7 +302,7 @@ Get node metadata:
 GET /v1/info
 ```
 
-Supported models and pricing are available at `/v1/models`. Upstream provider path discovery is available at `/v1/models/paths` and `/v1/models/paths/model?model_id=...`.
+Supported models and pricing are available at `/v1/models`.
 
 ## Next Steps
 

docs/provider/configuration.md

@@ -142,8 +142,6 @@ Use environment variables for:
 | `TOR_PROXY_URL`      | SOCKS5 proxy for Tor              | `socks5://127.0.0.1:9050`            |
 | `CORS_ORIGINS`       | Allowed CORS origins              | `*`                                  |
 | `RELAYS`             | Nostr relays (comma-separated)    | (default set)                        |
-| `MODEL_PATHS_REFRESH_INTERVAL_SECONDS` | How often to refresh `/v1/models/paths` discovery data; set `0` to pause the refresh (previously discovered paths keep being served) | `600` |
-| `ENABLE_MODEL_PATHS_REFRESH` | Kill switch for the background model-path refresh (OpenRouter endpoint fan-out) | `true` |
 
 ### Priority
 
@@ -177,8 +175,3 @@ Manage which AI models you offer:
    - **Create aliases** — friendly names for models
 
 See [Pricing](pricing.md) for per-model pricing strategies.
-
-Model path discovery is refreshed in the background and exposed through
-`/v1/models/paths`. The response groups each client-visible model ID with the
-provider paths that may appear in chat-completion response metadata. Tune the
-refresh cadence with `MODEL_PATHS_REFRESH_INTERVAL_SECONDS`.

migrations/versions/4e0c3d195a49_add_model_paths_table.py

@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-"""add model paths table
-
-Revision ID: 4e0c3d195a49
-Revises: 9c4d8e2f1a6b
-Create Date: 2026-07-24 21:14:39.062179
-"""
-
-import sqlalchemy as sa
-import sqlmodel
-from alembic import op
-
-# revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
-revision = "4e0c3d195a49"
-down_revision = "9c4d8e2f1a6b"
-branch_labels = None
-depends_on = None
-
-
-def upgrade() -> None:
-    op.create_table(
-        "model_paths",
-        sa.Column("id", sa.Integer(), nullable=False),
-        sa.Column("model_id", sqlmodel.sql.sqltypes.AutoString(), nullable=False),
-        sa.Column("path", sqlmodel.sql.sqltypes.AutoString(), nullable=False),
-        sa.Column("provider_slug", sqlmodel.sql.sqltypes.AutoString(), nullable=False),
-        sa.Column("provider_type", sqlmodel.sql.sqltypes.AutoString(), nullable=False),
-        sa.Column("endpoint_tag", sqlmodel.sql.sqltypes.AutoString(), nullable=True),
-        sa.Column("endpoint_name", sqlmodel.sql.sqltypes.AutoString(), nullable=True),
-        sa.Column("upstream_provider_id", sa.Integer(), nullable=False),
-        sa.Column("updated_at", sa.Integer(), nullable=False, server_default="0"),
-        sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(
-            ["upstream_provider_id"], ["upstream_providers.id"], ondelete="CASCADE"
-        ),
-        sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint("id"),
-        sa.UniqueConstraint(
-            "model_id",
-            "path",
-            "upstream_provider_id",
-            name="uq_model_paths_model_path_provider",
-        ),
-    )
-    # No standalone index on model_id: the unique constraint's autoindex already
-    # leads on model_id.
-    op.create_index(
-        op.f("ix_model_paths_upstream_provider_id"),
-        "model_paths",
-        ["upstream_provider_id"],
-        unique=False,
-    )
-
-
-def downgrade() -> None:
-    op.drop_index(op.f("ix_model_paths_upstream_provider_id"), table_name="model_paths")
-    op.drop_table("model_paths")

migrations/versions/aa50fde387a2_add_refund_sweep_claim_lease.py

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+"""add refund sweep claim lease
+
+Revision ID: aa50fde387a2
+Revises: 9c4d8e2f1a6b
+Create Date: 2026-07-26 12:50:10.509217
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from alembic import op
+
+revision = "aa50fde387a2"
+down_revision = "9c4d8e2f1a6b"
+branch_labels = None
+depends_on = None
+
+
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    conn = op.get_bind()
+    columns = {
+        column["name"]
+        for column in sa.inspect(conn).get_columns("cashu_transactions")
+    }
+    if "sweep_started_at" not in columns:
+        op.add_column(
+            "cashu_transactions",
+            sa.Column("sweep_started_at", sa.Integer(), nullable=True),
+        )
+
+
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    conn = op.get_bind()
+    columns = {
+        column["name"]
+        for column in sa.inspect(conn).get_columns("cashu_transactions")
+    }
+    if "sweep_started_at" in columns:
+        op.drop_column("cashu_transactions", "sweep_started_at")

routstr/auth.py

@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ from .wallet import (
     classify_redemption_error,
     credit_balance,
     deserialize_token_from_string,
+    wallet_operation_guard,
 )
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
@@ -153,6 +154,29 @@ async def validate_bearer_key(
     refund_address: Optional[str] = None,
     key_expiry_time: Optional[int] = None,
     min_cost: int = 0,
+) -> ApiKey:
+    if bearer_key.startswith("cashu"):
+        # Acquire before the first lookup/flush so concurrent token creation
+        # cannot hold SQLite write transactions while waiting to mutate proofs.
+        async with wallet_operation_guard():
+            return await _validate_bearer_key_locked(
+                bearer_key,
+                session,
+                refund_address,
+                key_expiry_time,
+                min_cost,
+            )
+    return await _validate_bearer_key_locked(
+        bearer_key, session, refund_address, key_expiry_time, min_cost
+    )
+
+
+async def _validate_bearer_key_locked(
+    bearer_key: str,
+    session: AsyncSession,
+    refund_address: Optional[str] = None,
+    key_expiry_time: Optional[int] = None,
+    min_cost: int = 0,
 ) -> ApiKey:
     """
     Validates the provided API key using SQLModel.

routstr/balance.py

@@ -259,6 +259,36 @@ async def _lookup_key_no_create(
     return None
 
 
+async def _get_persisted_api_key_refund(
+    key: ApiKey, session: AsyncSession
+) -> dict[str, str] | None:
+    result = await session.exec(
+        select(CashuTransaction)
+        .where(
+            CashuTransaction.api_key_hashed_key == key.hashed_key,
+            CashuTransaction.type == "out",
+            CashuTransaction.source == "apikey",
+        )
+        .order_by(col(CashuTransaction.created_at).desc())
+    )
+    refund = result.first()
+    if refund is None:
+        return None
+    if refund.swept:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=410, detail="Refund has been swept")
+
+    refund.collected = True
+    session.add(refund)
+    await session.commit()
+
+    persisted = {"token": refund.token}
+    if refund.unit == "sat":
+        persisted["sats"] = str(refund.amount)
+    else:
+        persisted["msats"] = str(refund.amount)
+    return persisted
+
+
 async def _restore_balance(
     session: AsyncSession, hashed_key: str, balance: int, reserved_balance: int, mint_url: str
 ) -> None:
@@ -353,6 +383,8 @@ async def refund_wallet_endpoint(
     if key.total_balance <= 0:
         if cached := await _refund_cache_get(bearer_value):
             return cached
+        if persisted := await _get_persisted_api_key_refund(key, session):
+            return persisted
 
     if key.parent_key_hash:
         raise HTTPException(

routstr/core/admin.py

@@ -51,13 +51,6 @@ ADMIN_SESSION_DURATION = 3600
 MAX_USAGE_ANALYTICS_HOURS = 365 * 24
 
 
-async def _refresh_provider_model_paths(upstream_provider_id: int) -> None:
-    """Queue discovery sync without blocking the committed admin mutation."""
-    from ..upstream.model_paths import schedule_model_paths_refresh_for_provider
-
-    await schedule_model_paths_refresh_for_provider(upstream_provider_id)
-
-
 async def require_admin_api(request: Request) -> None:
     auth_header = request.headers.get("Authorization")
     if not auth_header or not auth_header.startswith("Bearer "):
@@ -586,7 +579,6 @@ async def upsert_provider_model(
             await session.refresh(row)
 
     await refresh_model_maps()
-    await _refresh_provider_model_paths(provider_pk)
     return _row_to_model(
         row, apply_provider_fee=True, provider_fee=provider.provider_fee
     ).dict()  # type: ignore
@@ -641,7 +633,6 @@ async def delete_provider_model(provider_id: str, model_id: str) -> dict[str, ob
         await session.delete(row)
         await session.commit()
     await refresh_model_maps()
-    await _refresh_provider_model_paths(provider_pk)
     return {"ok": True, "deleted_id": model_id}
 
 
@@ -661,7 +652,6 @@ async def delete_all_provider_models(provider_id: str) -> dict[str, object]:
             await session.delete(row)  # type: ignore
         await session.commit()
     await refresh_model_maps()
-    await _refresh_provider_model_paths(provider_pk)
     return {"ok": True, "deleted": len(rows)}
 
 
@@ -753,7 +743,6 @@ async def batch_override_provider_models(
         await session.commit()
 
     await refresh_model_maps()
-    await _refresh_provider_model_paths(provider_pk)
     return {
         "ok": True,
         "count": overridden_count,
@@ -954,7 +943,6 @@ async def create_upstream_provider(
 
     await reinitialize_upstreams()
     await refresh_model_maps()
-    await _refresh_provider_model_paths(_provider_pk(provider))
     return _serialize_provider(provider)
 
 
@@ -980,7 +968,6 @@ async def update_upstream_provider(
 
     await reinitialize_upstreams()
     await refresh_model_maps()
-    await _refresh_provider_model_paths(_provider_pk(provider))
     return _serialize_provider(provider)
 
 
@@ -1016,7 +1003,6 @@ async def update_upstream_provider_by_slug(
 
     await reinitialize_upstreams()
     await refresh_model_maps()
-    await _refresh_provider_model_paths(_provider_pk(provider))
     return _serialize_provider(provider)
 
 
@@ -1683,12 +1669,18 @@ async def get_transactions_api(
         )
         total = count_result.one()
 
-        stmt = base.order_by(col(CashuTransaction.created_at).desc()).offset(offset).limit(limit)
+        stmt = (
+            base.order_by(col(CashuTransaction.created_at).desc())
+            .offset(offset)
+            .limit(limit)
+        )
         results = await session.exec(stmt)
         transactions = results.all()
 
         return {
-            "transactions": [tx.dict() for tx in transactions],
+            "transactions": [
+                tx.dict(exclude={"sweep_started_at"}) for tx in transactions
+            ],
             "total": total,
         }
 

routstr/core/db.py

@@ -12,21 +12,80 @@ from typing import AsyncGenerator
 from alembic import command
 from alembic.config import Config
 from alembic.util.exc import CommandError
-from sqlalchemy import Index, UniqueConstraint, case, delete, or_
+from sqlalchemy import Index, UniqueConstraint, case, delete, event, or_
+from sqlalchemy.engine import make_url
 from sqlalchemy.exc import IntegrityError, OperationalError
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncEngine
 from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.engine import create_async_engine
 from sqlalchemy.orm import aliased
 from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, SQLModel, col, func, select, update
 from sqlmodel.ext.asyncio.session import AsyncSession
 
 from .logging import get_logger
+from .settings import settings
 
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
 DATABASE_URL = os.environ.get("DATABASE_URL", "sqlite+aiosqlite:///keys.db")
 
 
-engine = create_async_engine(DATABASE_URL, echo=False)  # echo=True for debugging SQL
+def create_db_engine(database_url: str = DATABASE_URL) -> AsyncEngine:
+    """Build and instrument an async engine from environment-only settings."""
+    url = make_url(database_url)
+    backend = url.get_backend_name()
+    is_sqlite = backend == "sqlite"
+    is_memory_sqlite = is_sqlite and url.database in {None, "", ":memory:"}
+    pool_pre_ping = settings.database_pool_pre_ping or not is_sqlite
+    options: dict[str, int | float | bool] = {"pool_pre_ping": pool_pre_ping}
+    if not is_memory_sqlite:
+        options.update(
+            pool_size=settings.database_pool_size,
+            max_overflow=settings.database_max_overflow,
+            pool_timeout=settings.database_pool_timeout,
+            pool_recycle=settings.database_pool_recycle,
+        )
+
+    logger.info(
+        "Database pool configured",
+        extra={
+            "database_url_backend": backend,
+            "in_memory_sqlite": is_memory_sqlite,
+            **options,
+        },
+    )
+    created_engine = create_async_engine(database_url, echo=False, **options)
+    hold_warn_seconds = settings.database_pool_hold_warn_seconds
+
+    def record_pool_checkout(
+        dbapi_connection: object, connection_record: object, proxy: object
+    ) -> None:
+        connection_record.info["routstr_checked_out_at"] = time.monotonic()  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+    def record_pool_checkin(
+        dbapi_connection: object, connection_record: object
+    ) -> None:
+        checked_out_at = connection_record.info.pop(  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            "routstr_checked_out_at", None
+        )
+        if checked_out_at is None:
+            return
+        held_seconds = time.monotonic() - checked_out_at
+        if held_seconds >= hold_warn_seconds:
+            logger.warning(
+                "Database connection held longer than threshold",
+                extra={
+                    "held_seconds": round(held_seconds, 3),
+                    "threshold_seconds": hold_warn_seconds,
+                    "pool_status": created_engine.pool.status(),
+                },
+            )
+
+    event.listen(created_engine.sync_engine, "checkout", record_pool_checkout)
+    event.listen(created_engine.sync_engine, "checkin", record_pool_checkin)
+    return created_engine
+
+
+engine = create_db_engine()
 
 
 class ApiKey(SQLModel, table=True):  # type: ignore
@@ -258,7 +317,9 @@ async def prune_dead_api_keys(session: AsyncSession, min_age_seconds: int) -> in
         .where(col(ApiKey.total_spent) == 0)
         .where(col(ApiKey.total_requests) == 0)
         .where(col(ApiKey.parent_key_hash).is_(None))
-        .where((col(ApiKey.created_at).is_(None)) | (col(ApiKey.created_at) < cutoff))
+        .where(
+            (col(ApiKey.created_at).is_(None)) | (col(ApiKey.created_at) < cutoff)
+        )
         .where(~pending_invoice)
         .where(~has_children)
     )
@@ -312,60 +373,6 @@ class ModelRow(SQLModel, table=True):  # type: ignore
     upstream_provider: "UpstreamProviderRow" = Relationship(back_populates="models")
 
 
-class ModelPathRow(SQLModel, table=True):  # type: ignore
-    """Upstream provider path a model is reachable through.
-
-    Discovery/visibility data only. ``model_id`` is intentionally NOT globally
-    unique: it is the client-visible ``/v1/models`` id (``forwarded_model_id or
-    id``) grouped across every provider that exposes the model. A single model
-    can therefore have several rows — one per direct provider path plus one per
-    OpenRouter sub-provider endpoint.
-    """
-
-    __tablename__ = "model_paths"
-    __table_args__ = (
-        UniqueConstraint(
-            "model_id",
-            "path",
-            "upstream_provider_id",
-            name="uq_model_paths_model_path_provider",
-        ),
-    )
-    id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
-    # No standalone index on model_id: the unique constraint's autoindex already
-    # leads on model_id, so a second index only adds write amplification.
-    model_id: str = Field(
-        description="Client-visible /v1/models id (forwarded_model_id or id)"
-    )
-    path: str = Field(
-        description=(
-            "Opaque selector containing upstream URL, provider ID, model ID, "
-            "and optional endpoint tag"
-        )
-    )
-    provider_slug: str = Field(
-        description="Public slug of the configured upstream provider"
-    )
-    provider_type: str = Field(description="Configured upstream provider type")
-    endpoint_tag: str | None = Field(
-        default=None,
-        description="Exact OpenRouter endpoint tag used for request-side selection",
-    )
-    endpoint_name: str | None = Field(
-        default=None, description="Human-readable endpoint display name"
-    )
-    upstream_provider_id: int = Field(
-        index=True,
-        foreign_key="upstream_providers.id",
-        ondelete="CASCADE",
-        description="upstream_providers.id this path was discovered from",
-    )
-    updated_at: int = Field(
-        default=0,
-        description="Unix timestamp of the refresh cycle that wrote this row",
-    )
-
-
 class LightningInvoice(SQLModel, table=True):  # type: ignore
     __tablename__ = "lightning_invoices"
 
@@ -375,7 +382,8 @@ class LightningInvoice(SQLModel, table=True):  # type: ignore
     description: str = Field(description="Invoice description")
     payment_hash: str = Field(description="Payment hash for tracking", unique=True)
     status: str = Field(
-        default="pending", description="pending, paid, expired, cancelled"
+        default="pending",
+        description="pending, paid, expired, cancelled, reconciliation_required",
     )
     api_key_hash: str | None = Field(
         default=None, description="Associated API key hash for topup operations"
@@ -420,6 +428,10 @@ class CashuTransaction(SQLModel, table=True):  # type: ignore
     )
     collected: bool = Field(default=False)
     swept: bool = Field(default=False)
+    sweep_started_at: int | None = Field(
+        default=None,
+        description="Unix timestamp for a recoverable refund-sweep claim",
+    )
     source: str = Field(
         default="x-cashu",
         description="Payment source: x-cashu or apikey",
@@ -651,7 +663,9 @@ class CliToken(SQLModel, table=True):  # type: ignore
     """Long-lived authorization token for CLI/agent use against admin endpoints."""
 
     __tablename__ = "cli_tokens"
-    id: str = Field(primary_key=True, default_factory=lambda: uuid.uuid4().hex)
+    id: str = Field(
+        primary_key=True, default_factory=lambda: uuid.uuid4().hex
+    )
     token: str = Field(unique=True, index=True, description="Bearer token value")
     name: str = Field(description="Human-readable label for this token")
     created_at: int = Field(default_factory=lambda: int(time.time()))
@@ -750,7 +764,9 @@ async def reset_routstr_fee(session: AsyncSession, paid_msats: int) -> bool:
     return result.rowcount == 1
 
 
-async def complete_routstr_fee_payout(session: AsyncSession, paid_msats: int) -> bool:
+async def complete_routstr_fee_payout(
+    session: AsyncSession, paid_msats: int
+) -> bool:
     """Mark a checkpointed payout complete after the external payment succeeds."""
     stmt = (
         update(RoutstrFee)
@@ -768,14 +784,49 @@ async def complete_routstr_fee_payout(session: AsyncSession, paid_msats: int) ->
     return result.rowcount == 1
 
 
-async def balances_for_mint_and_unit(
+async def total_user_liability(db_session: AsyncSession) -> int:
+    """Return all outstanding API-key balances in millisatoshis."""
+    result = await db_session.exec(select(func.sum(ApiKey.balance)))
+    return int(result.one() or 0)
+
+
+async def balance_for_mint_and_unit(
     db_session: AsyncSession, mint_url: str, unit: str
 ) -> int:
-    query = select(func.sum(ApiKey.balance)).where(
-        ApiKey.refund_mint_url == mint_url, ApiKey.refund_currency == unit
+    """Return the user liability for one mint and unit in millisatoshis."""
+    result = await db_session.exec(
+        select(func.sum(ApiKey.balance)).where(
+            col(ApiKey.refund_mint_url) == mint_url,
+            col(ApiKey.refund_currency) == unit,
+        )
+    )
+    return int(result.one() or 0)
+
+
+async def balances_by_mint_and_unit(
+    db_session: AsyncSession, mint_urls: list[str], units: list[str]
+) -> dict[tuple[str, str], int]:
+    """Return requested user liabilities grouped by mint and unit."""
+    if not mint_urls or not units:
+        return {}
+    query = (
+        select(
+            col(ApiKey.refund_mint_url),
+            col(ApiKey.refund_currency),
+            func.sum(ApiKey.balance),
+        )
+        .where(
+            col(ApiKey.refund_mint_url).in_(mint_urls),
+            col(ApiKey.refund_currency).in_(units),
+        )
+        .group_by(col(ApiKey.refund_mint_url), col(ApiKey.refund_currency))
     )
     result = await db_session.exec(query)
-    return result.one() or 0
+    return {
+        (mint_url, unit): int(balance or 0)
+        for mint_url, unit, balance in result.all()
+        if mint_url is not None and unit is not None
+    }
 
 
 async def init_db() -> None:

routstr/core/main.py

@@ -58,7 +58,6 @@ async def lifespan(_: FastAPI) -> AsyncGenerator[None, None]:
     providers_task = None
     models_refresh_task = None
     model_maps_refresh_task = None
-    model_paths_refresh_task = None
     key_reset_task = None
     stale_reservation_task = None
     dead_key_prune_task = None
@@ -131,13 +130,6 @@ async def lifespan(_: FastAPI) -> AsyncGenerator[None, None]:
                 refresh_upstreams_models_periodically(get_upstreams)
             )
         model_maps_refresh_task = asyncio.create_task(refresh_model_maps_periodically())
-        # Always started: the loop re-reads the enable flag and interval every
-        # iteration, so 0 -> N (or re-enabling) takes effect without a restart.
-        from ..upstream.model_paths import refresh_model_paths_periodically
-
-        model_paths_refresh_task = asyncio.create_task(
-            refresh_model_paths_periodically(get_upstreams)
-        )
         payout_task = asyncio.create_task(periodic_payout())
         if global_settings.nsec:
             nip91_task = asyncio.create_task(announce_provider())
@@ -145,7 +137,9 @@ async def lifespan(_: FastAPI) -> AsyncGenerator[None, None]:
         if global_settings.providers_refresh_interval_seconds > 0:
             providers_task = asyncio.create_task(providers_cache_refresher())
         key_reset_task = asyncio.create_task(periodic_key_reset())
-        stale_reservation_task = asyncio.create_task(periodic_stale_reservation_sweep())
+        stale_reservation_task = asyncio.create_task(
+            periodic_stale_reservation_sweep()
+        )
         dead_key_prune_task = asyncio.create_task(periodic_dead_key_prune())
         auto_topup_task = asyncio.create_task(periodic_auto_topup())
         refund_sweep_task = asyncio.create_task(periodic_refund_sweep())
@@ -182,8 +176,6 @@ async def lifespan(_: FastAPI) -> AsyncGenerator[None, None]:
             models_refresh_task.cancel()
         if model_maps_refresh_task is not None:
             model_maps_refresh_task.cancel()
-        if model_paths_refresh_task is not None:
-            model_paths_refresh_task.cancel()
         if key_reset_task is not None:
             key_reset_task.cancel()
         if stale_reservation_task is not None:
@@ -217,8 +209,6 @@ async def lifespan(_: FastAPI) -> AsyncGenerator[None, None]:
                 tasks_to_wait.append(models_refresh_task)
             if model_maps_refresh_task is not None:
                 tasks_to_wait.append(model_maps_refresh_task)
-            if model_paths_refresh_task is not None:
-                tasks_to_wait.append(model_paths_refresh_task)
             if key_reset_task is not None:
                 tasks_to_wait.append(key_reset_task)
             if stale_reservation_task is not None:
@@ -255,7 +245,9 @@ class _ImmutableStaticFiles(StaticFiles):
     async def get_response(self, path: str, scope: Scope) -> StarletteResponse:
         response = await super().get_response(path, scope)
         if response.status_code == 200:
-            response.headers["Cache-Control"] = "public, max-age=31536000, immutable"
+            response.headers["Cache-Control"] = (
+                "public, max-age=31536000, immutable"
+            )
         return response
 
 
@@ -329,7 +321,9 @@ if UI_DIST_PATH.exists() and UI_DIST_PATH.is_dir():
     # Serve the App Router RSC payload for the home page.
     @app.get("/index.txt", include_in_schema=False)
     async def serve_root_rsc() -> FileResponse:
-        return FileResponse(UI_DIST_PATH / "index.txt", media_type="text/x-component")
+        return FileResponse(
+            UI_DIST_PATH / "index.txt", media_type="text/x-component"
+        )
 
     # Next.js is built with `trailingSlash: true`, so all UI page URLs end
     # with a slash (e.g. `/login/`). The proxy router catches `/{path:path}`

routstr/core/settings.py

@@ -41,6 +41,9 @@ class Settings(BaseSettings):
     receive_ln_address: str = Field(default="", env="RECEIVE_LN_ADDRESS")
     primary_mint: str = Field(default="", env="PRIMARY_MINT_URL")
     primary_mint_unit: str = Field(default="sat", env="PRIMARY_MINT_UNIT")
+    mint_operation_concurrency: int = Field(
+        default=4, ge=1, env="MINT_OPERATION_CONCURRENCY"
+    )
 
     # Lightning payout configuration
     # Minimum available balance (in satoshis) before profit is paid out over
@@ -95,17 +98,27 @@ class Settings(BaseSettings):
     models_refresh_interval_seconds: int = Field(
         default=360, env="MODELS_REFRESH_INTERVAL_SECONDS"
     )
-    model_paths_refresh_interval_seconds: int = Field(
-        default=600, env="MODEL_PATHS_REFRESH_INTERVAL_SECONDS"
-    )
     enable_pricing_refresh: bool = Field(default=True, env="ENABLE_PRICING_REFRESH")
     enable_models_refresh: bool = Field(default=True, env="ENABLE_MODELS_REFRESH")
-    enable_model_paths_refresh: bool = Field(
-        default=True, env="ENABLE_MODEL_PATHS_REFRESH"
-    )
     refund_cache_ttl_seconds: int = Field(default=3600, env="REFUND_CACHE_TTL_SECONDS")
-    refund_sweep_ttl_seconds: int = Field(
-        default=604800, env="REFUND_SWEEP_TTL_SECONDS"
+    refund_sweep_ttl_seconds: int = Field(default=604800, env="REFUND_SWEEP_TTL_SECONDS")
+    refund_sweep_claim_timeout_seconds: int = Field(
+        default=900, gt=0, env="REFUND_SWEEP_CLAIM_TIMEOUT_SECONDS"
+    )
+
+    # Database connection-pool controls (advanced). Capacity defaults provide
+    # headroom for Routstr's concurrent request and background-payment workload.
+    # Pre-ping is enabled by the engine factory for networked backends; SQLite
+    # can explicitly opt in. These fields are env-only below.
+    database_pool_size: int = Field(default=10, ge=1, env="DATABASE_POOL_SIZE")
+    database_max_overflow: int = Field(default=20, ge=0, env="DATABASE_MAX_OVERFLOW")
+    database_pool_timeout: float = Field(
+        default=15.0, gt=0, env="DATABASE_POOL_TIMEOUT"
+    )
+    database_pool_recycle: int = Field(default=1800, ge=0, env="DATABASE_POOL_RECYCLE")
+    database_pool_pre_ping: bool = Field(default=False, env="DATABASE_POOL_PRE_PING")
+    database_pool_hold_warn_seconds: float = Field(
+        default=10.0, gt=0, env="DATABASE_POOL_HOLD_WARN_SECONDS"
     )
 
     # Logging
@@ -125,8 +138,9 @@ class Settings(BaseSettings):
 
     # Discovery
     relays: list[str] = Field(default_factory=list, env="RELAYS")
-    enable_analytics_sharing: bool = Field(default=True, env="ENABLE_ANALYTICS_SHARING")
-
+    enable_analytics_sharing: bool = Field(
+        default=True, env="ENABLE_ANALYTICS_SHARING"
+    )
 
 def _normalize_settings_data(data: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """Discard unknown keys from persisted settings."""
@@ -151,10 +165,32 @@ def _normalize_settings_data(data: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
 # ``routstr.core.vault``.
 SECRET_FIELDS = frozenset({"admin_password", "nsec"})
 
+# Infrastructure the node needs *before* it can open a DB session — so it can
+# never be configured from the DB (chicken-and-egg) and stays env-only. Unlike
+# secrets (owned by bootstrap), these are excluded so the DB settings blob can
+# neither store nor shadow them; env is always authoritative.
+ENV_ONLY_FIELDS = frozenset(
+    {
+        "database_pool_size",
+        "database_max_overflow",
+        "database_pool_timeout",
+        "database_pool_recycle",
+        "database_pool_pre_ping",
+        "database_pool_hold_warn_seconds",
+    }
+)
+
+_NON_PERSISTED_FIELDS = SECRET_FIELDS | ENV_ONLY_FIELDS
+
 
 def _strip_secret_fields(data: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
-    """Return a copy of ``data`` without any secret fields (for persistence)."""
-    return {k: v for k, v in data.items() if k not in SECRET_FIELDS}
+    """Return a copy of ``data`` without secret or env-only fields.
+
+    Both are kept out of the persisted settings blob: secrets for confidentiality,
+    env-only fields (e.g. DB pool sizing) because they must never be sourced from
+    the database.
+    """
+    return {k: v for k, v in data.items() if k not in _NON_PERSISTED_FIELDS}
 
 
 def _apply_to_live_settings(data: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
@@ -337,7 +373,9 @@ class SettingsService:
                 {
                     k: v
                     for k, v in db_json.items()
-                    if v not in (None, "", [], {}) and k in valid_fields
+                    if v not in (None, "", [], {})
+                    and k in valid_fields
+                    and k not in ENV_ONLY_FIELDS
                 }
             )
             merged_dict = Settings(**merged_dict).dict()
@@ -405,8 +443,13 @@ class SettingsService:
                 )
             )
             await db_session.commit()
-            # Update in-place
+            # Update in-place. Env-only fields (e.g. DB pool sizing) are never
+            # applied here: the engine pool is already built at boot from env,
+            # so letting an update mutate the live value would only make it
+            # diverge from the running pool.
             for k, v in candidate.dict().items():
+                if k in ENV_ONLY_FIELDS:
+                    continue
                 setattr(settings, k, v)
             cls._current = settings
             return settings

routstr/lightning.py

@@ -5,13 +5,14 @@ import time
 
 from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, Header, HTTPException
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
-from sqlmodel import col, select
+from sqlalchemy.orm.attributes import set_committed_value
+from sqlmodel import col, select, update
 from sqlmodel.ext.asyncio.session import AsyncSession
 
 from .core.db import ApiKey, LightningInvoice, create_session, get_session
 from .core.logging import get_logger
 from .core.settings import settings
-from .wallet import get_wallet
+from .wallet import get_wallet, wallet_operation_guard
 
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
@@ -222,80 +223,180 @@ async def recover_invoice(
 async def check_invoice_payment(
     invoice: LightningInvoice, session: AsyncSession
 ) -> None:
+    # Minting makes proofs visible before database finalization. Share the
+    # cross-process wallet guard with owner payout so that visibility and the
+    # corresponding liability commit are observed atomically by the payout loop.
+    async with wallet_operation_guard():
+        await _check_invoice_payment_locked(invoice, session)
+
+
+async def _check_invoice_payment_locked(
+    invoice: LightningInvoice, session: AsyncSession
+) -> None:
+    minted = False
+    invoice_id = invoice.id
+    invoice_purpose = invoice.purpose
+    invoice_amount_sats = invoice.amount_sats
+    invoice_payment_hash = invoice.payment_hash
+    finalized_api_key_hash = invoice.api_key_hash
     try:
+        # A preceding invoice lookup starts a transaction. End it before the
+        # potentially slow mint request so it cannot pin a pool connection.
+        await session.commit()
+
         wallet = await get_wallet(settings.primary_mint, "sat")
+        mint_status = await wallet.get_mint_quote(invoice_payment_hash)
+        if not mint_status.paid:
+            return
 
-        mint_status = await wallet.get_mint_quote(invoice.payment_hash)
+        # Do not redeem a paid top-up quote if its target has already been
+        # pruned. This validation owns a short-lived session and releases its
+        # connection before mint redemption starts.
+        if invoice_purpose == "topup":
+            if not finalized_api_key_hash:
+                raise ValueError("No API key associated with topup invoice")
+            async with create_session() as validation_session:
+                target = await validation_session.get(ApiKey, finalized_api_key_hash)
+                if target is None:
+                    terminal = await validation_session.exec(  # type: ignore[call-overload]
+                        update(LightningInvoice)
+                        .where(
+                            col(LightningInvoice.id) == invoice_id,
+                            col(LightningInvoice.status) == "pending",
+                        )
+                        .values(status="reconciliation_required")
+                    )
+                    await validation_session.commit()
+                    if terminal.rowcount == 1:
+                        set_committed_value(
+                            invoice, "status", "reconciliation_required"
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        committed_invoice = await validation_session.get(
+                            LightningInvoice, invoice_id
+                        )
+                        if committed_invoice is not None:
+                            set_committed_value(
+                                invoice, "status", committed_invoice.status
+                            )
+                    logger.critical(
+                        "Paid topup invoice target API key was not found; reconciliation required",
+                        extra={"invoice_id": invoice_id},
+                    )
+                    return
 
-        if mint_status.paid:
-            invoice.status = "paid"
-            invoice.paid_at = int(time.time())
+        # The mint enforces single-use quotes, so a concurrent checker that
+        # races us here fails inside wallet.mint rather than double-minting.
+        await wallet.mint(invoice_amount_sats, quote_id=invoice_payment_hash)
+        minted = True
 
-            if invoice.purpose == "create":
-                api_key = await create_api_key_from_invoice(invoice, session)
-                invoice.api_key_hash = api_key.hashed_key
-            elif invoice.purpose == "topup" and invoice.api_key_hash:
-                await topup_api_key_from_invoice(invoice, session)
+        # Paid finalization owns a fresh session. The API/watcher session is
+        # never rolled back by this function, so its invoice and sibling ORM
+        # objects remain usable after a DB failure or lost CAS race.
+        async with create_session() as finalization_session:
+            if invoice_purpose == "create":
+                api_key = await _create_api_key_record(invoice, finalization_session)
+                finalized_api_key_hash = api_key.hashed_key
+            elif invoice_purpose == "topup":
+                await _credit_topup_record(invoice, finalization_session)
 
-            await session.commit()
-
-            logger.info(
-                "Lightning invoice paid",
-                extra={
-                    "invoice_id": invoice.id,
-                    "amount_sats": invoice.amount_sats,
-                    "purpose": invoice.purpose,
-                    "api_key_hash": invoice.api_key_hash[:8] + "..."
-                    if invoice.api_key_hash
-                    else None,
-                },
+            # Conditional transition guards against double-credit: the credit
+            # above and this status flip commit atomically, and a lost race
+            # rolls both back in the owned finalization session.
+            paid_at = int(time.time())
+            finalized = await finalization_session.exec(  # type: ignore[call-overload]
+                update(LightningInvoice)
+                .where(
+                    col(LightningInvoice.id) == invoice_id,
+                    col(LightningInvoice.status) == "pending",
+                )
+                .values(
+                    status="paid",
+                    paid_at=paid_at,
+                    api_key_hash=finalized_api_key_hash,
+                )
             )
+            if finalized.rowcount != 1:
+                await finalization_session.rollback()
+                committed_invoice = await finalization_session.get(
+                    LightningInvoice, invoice_id
+                )
+                await finalization_session.commit()
+                if committed_invoice is not None:
+                    # A concurrent finalizer won the CAS. Publish only the
+                    # state observed from the database after ending the owned
+                    # read transaction; never refresh the caller's session.
+                    set_committed_value(
+                        invoice, "api_key_hash", committed_invoice.api_key_hash
+                    )
+                    set_committed_value(invoice, "status", committed_invoice.status)
+                    set_committed_value(invoice, "paid_at", committed_invoice.paid_at)
+                return
+            await finalization_session.commit()
 
-    except Exception as e:
+        # Only publish finalized values to the caller-owned object after the
+        # owned transaction has committed successfully.
+        set_committed_value(invoice, "api_key_hash", finalized_api_key_hash)
+        set_committed_value(invoice, "status", "paid")
+        set_committed_value(invoice, "paid_at", paid_at)
+
+        logger.info(
+            "Lightning invoice paid",
+            extra={
+                "invoice_id": invoice_id,
+                "amount_sats": invoice_amount_sats,
+                "purpose": invoice_purpose,
+                "api_key_hash": finalized_api_key_hash[:8] + "..."
+                if finalized_api_key_hash
+                else None,
+            },
+        )
+    except BaseException as e:
+        # BaseException so task cancellation (e.g. client disconnect) after a
+        # successful mint still triggers the reconciliation alert. Any rollback
+        # belongs to create_session(), never to the caller-owned session.
+        if minted:
+            logger.critical(
+                "Invoice mint succeeded but DB finalization failed; reconciliation required",
+                extra={"invoice_id": invoice_id, "purpose": invoice_purpose},
+            )
+        if not isinstance(e, Exception):
+            raise
         logger.error(f"Failed to check invoice payment: {e}")
 
 
-async def create_api_key_from_invoice(
+async def _create_api_key_record(
     invoice: LightningInvoice, session: AsyncSession
 ) -> ApiKey:
-    wallet = await get_wallet(settings.primary_mint, "sat")
-    await wallet.mint(invoice.amount_sats, quote_id=invoice.payment_hash)
-
     dummy_token = f"invoice-{invoice.id}-{invoice.payment_hash}"
     hashed_key = hashlib.sha256(dummy_token.encode()).hexdigest()
-
     api_key = ApiKey(
         hashed_key=hashed_key,
-        balance=invoice.amount_sats * 1000,  # Convert to msats
+        balance=invoice.amount_sats * 1000,
         refund_currency="sat",
         refund_mint_url=settings.primary_mint,
         balance_limit=invoice.balance_limit,
         balance_limit_reset=invoice.balance_limit_reset,
         validity_date=invoice.validity_date,
     )
-
     session.add(api_key)
     await session.flush()
-
     return api_key
 
 
-async def topup_api_key_from_invoice(
+async def _credit_topup_record(
     invoice: LightningInvoice, session: AsyncSession
 ) -> None:
-    wallet = await get_wallet(settings.primary_mint, "sat")
-    await wallet.mint(invoice.amount_sats, quote_id=invoice.payment_hash)
-
     if not invoice.api_key_hash:
         raise ValueError("No API key associated with topup invoice")
-
-    api_key = await session.get(ApiKey, invoice.api_key_hash)
-    if not api_key:
+    credited = await session.exec(  # type: ignore[call-overload]
+        update(ApiKey)
+        .where(col(ApiKey.hashed_key) == invoice.api_key_hash)
+        .values(balance=col(ApiKey.balance) + invoice.amount_sats * 1000)
+    )
+    if credited.rowcount != 1:
         raise ValueError("Associated API key not found")
 
-    api_key.balance += invoice.amount_sats * 1000  # Convert to msats
-    await session.flush()
-
 
 INVOICE_WATCH_INTERVAL_SECONDS = 5
 INVOICE_WATCH_BATCH_LIMIT = 100

routstr/payment/models.py

@@ -455,9 +455,7 @@ async def _update_sats_pricing_once() -> None:
             for m in upstream.get_cached_models()
         ]
         upstream._models_cache = updated_models
-        upstream._models_by_id = {
-            m.forwarded_model_id or m.id: m for m in updated_models
-        }
+        upstream._models_by_id = {m.forwarded_model_id or m.id: m for m in updated_models}
         updated_count += len(updated_models)
 
     if updated_count > 0:
@@ -512,7 +510,9 @@ class ModelTestRequest(V2BaseModel):
     request_data: dict
 
 
-@models_router.post("/api/models/test", dependencies=[Depends(_require_admin_api)])
+@models_router.post(
+    "/api/models/test", dependencies=[Depends(_require_admin_api)]
+)
 async def test_model(
     payload: ModelTestRequest,
     session: AsyncSession = Depends(get_session),
@@ -595,37 +595,6 @@ async def test_model(
         }
 
 
-@models_router.get("/v1/models/paths")
-@models_router.get("/v1/models/paths/", include_in_schema=False)
-async def model_paths() -> dict:
-    """All models with every upstream provider path they are reachable through."""
-    from ..upstream.model_paths import get_all_model_paths
-
-    return await get_all_model_paths()
-
-
-@models_router.get("/v1/models/paths/model")
-@models_router.get("/v1/models/paths/model/", include_in_schema=False)
-async def model_paths_for_model(model_id: str) -> dict:
-    """Paths for a single model.
-
-    Uses a query parameter (``?model_id=...``) under a fully static route so
-    model ids containing ``/`` (e.g. ``anthropic/claude-opus-4.6``) need no URL
-    encoding and there is no dynamic-route ambiguity.
-    """
-    from ..proxy import get_unique_models
-    from ..upstream.model_paths import get_paths_for_model
-
-    result = await get_paths_for_model(model_id)
-    if not result["data"]:
-        advertised_ids = {
-            model.forwarded_model_id or model.id for model in get_unique_models()
-        }
-        if model_id not in advertised_ids:
-            raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Model not found")
-    return result
-
-
 @models_router.get("/v1/models")
 @models_router.get("/v1/models/", include_in_schema=False)
 @models_router.get("/models")

routstr/proxy.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import asyncio
+import inspect
 import json
 from typing import Any
 
@@ -49,6 +50,13 @@ _provider_map: dict[
 _unique_models: dict[str, Model] = {}  # Unique model.id -> Model (no duplicates)
 
 
+async def _finish_read_transaction(session: AsyncSession) -> None:
+    """Release a read transaction without assuming a particular session mock."""
+    commit_result = session.commit()
+    if inspect.isawaitable(commit_result):
+        await commit_result
+
+
 async def initialize_upstreams() -> None:
     """Initialize upstream providers from database during application startup."""
     global _upstreams
@@ -183,19 +191,6 @@ async def refresh_model_maps() -> None:
         disabled_model_keys=disabled_model_keys,
     )
 
-    # Keep model-path discovery in sync with admin mutations: disabling or
-    # deleting a provider must stop advertising its paths immediately rather
-    # than after the next timed refresh.
-    from .upstream.model_paths import prune_model_paths_for_inactive_providers
-
-    try:
-        await prune_model_paths_for_inactive_providers()
-    except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001 - discovery sync must not break routing
-        logger.warning(
-            "Failed to prune model paths for inactive providers",
-            extra={"error": str(e), "error_type": type(e).__name__},
-        )
-
 
 async def refresh_model_maps_periodically() -> None:
     """Background task to refresh model maps every minute."""
@@ -233,6 +228,20 @@ _API_PATH_PREFIXES = (
 @proxy_router.api_route("/{path:path}", methods=["GET", "POST"], response_model=None)
 async def proxy(
     request: Request, path: str, session: AsyncSession = Depends(get_session)
+) -> Response | StreamingResponse:
+    """Run proxy setup in a short request session, never across response streaming."""
+    try:
+        return await _proxy(request, path, session)
+    finally:
+        # FastAPI yield dependencies normally close after the response body is
+        # sent. Close explicitly so a long stream cannot retain DB resources.
+        close_result = session.close()
+        if inspect.isawaitable(close_result):
+            await close_result
+
+
+async def _proxy(
+    request: Request, path: str, session: AsyncSession
 ) -> Response | StreamingResponse:
     # GET requests must hit a known API prefix; otherwise return a 404 (HTML
     # for browsers, JSON for API clients). POST requests are always forwarded
@@ -463,6 +472,9 @@ async def proxy(
     if is_ehbp or request_body_dict:
         await pay_for_request(key, max_cost_for_model, session)
         reservation_snapshot = await get_reservation_snapshot(key, session)
+        # Snapshot validation performs SELECTs after pay_for_request commits.
+        # End that read transaction before waiting on upstream response headers.
+        await _finish_read_transaction(session)
 
     # Tracks request params already removed in response to upstream rejections,
     # shared across providers so a stripped param stays stripped on failover and
@@ -494,8 +506,10 @@ async def proxy(
                         raise
                     await pay_for_request(key, max_cost_for_model, session)
                     reservation_snapshot = await get_reservation_snapshot(key, session)
+                    await _finish_read_transaction(session)
                     continue
                 reservation_snapshot = await get_reservation_snapshot(key, session)
+                await _finish_read_transaction(session)
                 max_cost_for_model = candidate_max
 
         headers = upstream.prepare_headers(dict(request.headers))

routstr/upstream/model_paths.py

@@ -1,807 +0,0 @@
-"""Model-path discovery service.
-
-Exposes every selectable upstream route a Routstr model is reachable through.
-This PR remains discovery-only: request-side routing will consume the opaque
-selectors in a follow-up.
-
-A path is a standard percent-encoded query string containing the configured
-upstream URL, provider ID, client-visible model ID and, for an exact OpenRouter
-endpoint, its machine-readable tag::
-
-    url=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.anthropic.com%2Fv1&provider-id=12&model-id=claude-sonnet-4
-    url=https%3A%2F%2Fopenrouter.ai%2Fapi%2Fv1&provider-id=42&model-id=claude-sonnet-4&endpoint=google-vertex%2Fus
-"""
-
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-import asyncio
-import ipaddress
-import random
-import time
-from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable
-from urllib.parse import urlencode, urlsplit
-
-import httpx
-from sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite import insert
-from sqlalchemy.orm import selectinload
-from sqlmodel import col, delete, select
-
-from ..core.db import ModelPathRow, ModelRow, UpstreamProviderRow, create_session
-from ..core.logging import get_logger
-
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from .base import BaseUpstreamProvider
-
-logger = get_logger(__name__)
-
-# Bound the per-model OpenRouter /endpoints fan-out so a provider with hundreds
-# of models does not open hundreds of concurrent requests every refresh.
-_OPENROUTER_CONCURRENCY = 5
-_OPENROUTER_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 10.0
-
-# Rows inserted per statement during persist. Keeps each INSERT bounded while
-# avoiding per-row round-trips that hold SQLite's write lock for ~1s per cycle.
-_PERSIST_CHUNK_SIZE = 500
-
-# Admin mutations enqueue provider IDs here instead of running OpenRouter's
-# per-model endpoint fan-out inside the request. One worker serializes refreshes
-# and coalesces repeated mutations for the same provider.
-_scheduled_provider_refresh_ids: set[int] = set()
-_scheduled_provider_refresh_task: asyncio.Task[None] | None = None
-
-# Visibility key used across this module: routing carries the provider
-# dimension everywhere (ModelRow's primary key is (id, upstream_provider_id)),
-# so all model-id keyed maps here do too, lowercased like proxy.refresh_model_maps.
-ModelKey = tuple[str, int]
-
-
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
-class EndpointIdentity:
-    """Exact OpenRouter endpoint identity returned by ``/endpoints``."""
-
-    tag: str
-    provider_name: str | None
-
-
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
-class ConfiguredProviderIdentity:
-    """Public identity of one configured upstream provider."""
-
-    id: int
-    slug: str
-    provider_type: str
-    base_url: str
-
-
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
-class DiscoveredPath:
-    """One model route ready for persistence and API serialization."""
-
-    model_id: str
-    path: str
-    provider: ConfiguredProviderIdentity
-    endpoint_tag: str | None = None
-    endpoint_name: str | None = None
-
-
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
-class ProviderPathSnapshot:
-    """Refresh result plus model IDs whose prior rows must survive degradation."""
-
-    paths: tuple[DiscoveredPath, ...]
-    preserve_model_ids: frozenset[str] = frozenset()
-
-
-def public_provider_url(base_url: str) -> str:
-    """Mask private IP addresses and URLs with explicit ports."""
-    parsed = urlsplit(base_url)
-    try:
-        if parsed.port is not None:
-            return "http://localhost"
-    except ValueError:
-        # An invalid explicit port must not accidentally leak through.
-        return "http://localhost"
-
-    hostname = parsed.hostname
-    if hostname is None:
-        return base_url
-    try:
-        address = ipaddress.ip_address(hostname)
-    except ValueError:
-        return base_url
-    return "http://localhost" if address.is_private else base_url
-
-
-def encode_model_path(
-    base_url: str,
-    provider_id: int,
-    model_id: str,
-    endpoint_tag: str | None = None,
-) -> str:
-    """Encode the complete upstream route selector advertised to clients."""
-    components: list[tuple[str, str | int]] = [
-        ("url", base_url),
-        ("provider-id", provider_id),
-        ("model-id", model_id),
-    ]
-    if endpoint_tag:
-        components.append(("endpoint", endpoint_tag))
-    return urlencode(components)
-
-
-def _make_http_client() -> httpx.AsyncClient:
-    """Client factory, separated so tests can substitute a mock transport."""
-    return httpx.AsyncClient()
-
-
-def is_openrouter_base_url(base_url: str | None) -> bool:
-    """True when ``base_url`` points at OpenRouter.
-
-    Deliberately separate from ``BaseUpstreamProvider._upstream_accepts_cache_control``:
-    that predicate also returns True for native Anthropic (correct for
-    cache-control, wrong for OpenRouter endpoint discovery). This one keys only
-    on the URL so a ``GenericUpstreamProvider`` aimed at OpenRouter is matched
-    while native Anthropic is not.
-    """
-    return "openrouter.ai" in (base_url or "")
-
-
-def exposed_model_id(model: object) -> str:
-    """Return exactly the ID advertised by ``/v1/models``.
-
-    A forwarded ID is already a public routable alias and must remain intact,
-    including any slash. Without one, ``/v1/models`` exposes the base ID.
-    """
-    forwarded = getattr(model, "forwarded_model_id", None)
-    if forwarded:
-        return forwarded
-    return public_model_id(getattr(model, "id"))
-
-
-def public_model_id(model_id: str) -> str:
-    """Model id exposed by model-path API responses.
-
-    Uses the same rule as ``create_model_mappings.get_base_model_id`` and
-    ``resolve_model_alias`` — strip everything before the *first* slash — so
-    the id shown here can be sent back to ``/v1/chat/completions`` verbatim.
-    """
-    return model_id.split("/", 1)[1] if "/" in model_id else model_id
-
-
-def openrouter_author_slug(model: object) -> str | None:
-    """Return a canonical ``author/slug`` for the OpenRouter endpoints API.
-
-    Prefer ``canonical_slug``, then a slash-containing ``id``, then a
-    slash-containing ``forwarded_model_id``. The forwarded id is exactly what
-    the proxy sends upstream for admin-created alias rows (``base.py`` forwards
-    ``forwarded_model_id or id``), so it is a valid OpenRouter id when the
-    bare ``id`` is a local alias with no slash.
-    """
-    canonical = getattr(model, "canonical_slug", None)
-    if canonical and "/" in canonical:
-        return canonical
-    model_id = getattr(model, "id", None)
-    if model_id and "/" in model_id:
-        return model_id
-    forwarded = getattr(model, "forwarded_model_id", None)
-    if forwarded and "/" in forwarded:
-        return forwarded
-    return None
-
-
-class _RefreshCycleState:
-    """Per-refresh shared state: fetch dedupe cache and rate-limit latch.
-
-    ``endpoint_cache`` dedupes byte-identical ``/endpoints`` fetches when two
-    providers point at the same OpenRouter base URL. ``rate_limited`` latches
-    on the first 429 so the rest of the cycle stops hammering a throttled API;
-    the whole provider result then degrades to "unknown" instead of an empty
-    list, which preserves previously persisted rows.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self) -> None:
-        self.endpoint_cache: dict[tuple[str, str], list[EndpointIdentity] | None] = {}
-        self.rate_limited = False
-
-
-async def _fetch_openrouter_endpoint_subproviders(
-    client: httpx.AsyncClient,
-    base_url: str,
-    api_key: str,
-    author_slug: str,
-    semaphore: asyncio.Semaphore,
-    cycle: _RefreshCycleState,
-) -> list[EndpointIdentity] | None:
-    """Return exact endpoint identities for one model, or ``None`` when unknown.
-
-    ``None`` (not ``[]``) signals a degraded fetch — network failure, rate
-    limit, non-200, or an unparseable payload — so callers can distinguish
-    "this model has no endpoints" from "we could not find out". Failures are
-    logged and swallowed so one model never breaks the whole refresh.
-    """
-    cache_key = (base_url, author_slug)
-    if cache_key in cycle.endpoint_cache:
-        return cycle.endpoint_cache[cache_key]
-    if cycle.rate_limited:
-        return None
-
-    url = f"{base_url.rstrip('/')}/models/{author_slug}/endpoints"
-    headers = {"Authorization": f"Bearer {api_key}"} if api_key else {}
-    result: list[EndpointIdentity] | None
-    async with semaphore:
-        try:
-            resp = await client.get(
-                url, headers=headers, timeout=_OPENROUTER_TIMEOUT_SECONDS
-            )
-        except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001 - isolate per-model failures
-            logger.warning(
-                "OpenRouter endpoint discovery request failed",
-                extra={"author_slug": author_slug, "error": str(e)},
-            )
-            cycle.endpoint_cache[cache_key] = None
-            return None
-
-    if resp.status_code == 429:
-        logger.warning(
-            "OpenRouter endpoint discovery rate-limited; aborting cycle",
-            extra={"author_slug": author_slug},
-        )
-        cycle.rate_limited = True
-        cycle.endpoint_cache[cache_key] = None
-        return None
-    if resp.status_code != 200:
-        logger.warning(
-            "OpenRouter endpoint discovery non-200",
-            extra={"author_slug": author_slug, "status_code": resp.status_code},
-        )
-        cycle.endpoint_cache[cache_key] = None
-        return None
-
-    try:
-        payload = resp.json()
-        data = payload.get("data") if isinstance(payload, dict) else None
-        endpoints = data.get("endpoints") if isinstance(data, dict) else None
-        if not isinstance(endpoints, list):
-            raise ValueError("endpoints must be a list")
-        identities: dict[str, EndpointIdentity] = {}
-        for endpoint in endpoints:
-            if not isinstance(endpoint, dict):
-                continue
-            tag = endpoint.get("tag")
-            if not isinstance(tag, str) or not tag.strip():
-                continue
-            provider_name = endpoint.get("provider_name")
-            identities.setdefault(
-                tag,
-                EndpointIdentity(
-                    tag=tag,
-                    provider_name=provider_name
-                    if isinstance(provider_name, str) and provider_name
-                    else None,
-                ),
-            )
-        if endpoints and not identities:
-            raise ValueError("endpoints contain no usable tags")
-        result = list(identities.values())
-    except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001
-        logger.warning(
-            "OpenRouter endpoint discovery bad payload",
-            extra={"author_slug": author_slug, "error": str(e)},
-        )
-        result = None
-
-    cycle.endpoint_cache[cache_key] = result
-    return result
-
-
-async def _load_model_visibility() -> tuple[
-    dict[ModelKey, ModelRow],
-    set[ModelKey],
-    dict[int, ConfiguredProviderIdentity],
-]:
-    """Load the same DB model visibility inputs used by routing.
-
-    ``refresh_model_maps`` builds routing from enabled providers, enabled DB
-    override rows, and disabled model keys — all keyed on
-    ``(model_id.lower(), upstream_provider_id)`` because ``ModelRow``'s primary
-    key is composite and the same id legitimately exists on several providers.
-    Model-path discovery uses the same keying so disabling a model on one
-    provider never hides it on another, and one provider's
-    ``forwarded_model_id`` alias is never applied to a different provider.
-    """
-    async with create_session() as session:
-        query = select(UpstreamProviderRow).options(
-            selectinload(UpstreamProviderRow.models)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
-        )
-        provider_rows = (await session.exec(query)).all()
-
-    overrides_by_key: dict[ModelKey, ModelRow] = {}
-    disabled_model_keys: set[ModelKey] = set()
-    provider_identities: dict[int, ConfiguredProviderIdentity] = {}
-
-    for provider in provider_rows:
-        if not provider.enabled or provider.id is None:
-            continue
-        provider_identities[provider.id] = ConfiguredProviderIdentity(
-            id=provider.id,
-            slug=provider.slug or f"provider-{provider.id}",
-            provider_type=provider.provider_type,
-            base_url=public_provider_url(provider.base_url),
-        )
-        for model in provider.models:
-            key = (model.id.lower(), provider.id)
-            if model.enabled:
-                overrides_by_key[key] = model
-            else:
-                disabled_model_keys.add(key)
-
-    return overrides_by_key, disabled_model_keys, provider_identities
-
-
-def _apply_model_visibility(
-    upstream: BaseUpstreamProvider,
-    overrides_by_key: dict[ModelKey, ModelRow] | None,
-    disabled_model_keys: set[ModelKey] | None,
-) -> list[object]:
-    """Return provider models after DB disabled/override state is applied.
-
-    Only the identity fields (``id``, ``forwarded_model_id``,
-    ``canonical_slug``) matter for path discovery, so DB override rows are used
-    directly rather than rebuilt into fully priced ``Model`` objects — the
-    pricing pipeline costs ~0.7ms of event-loop CPU per row for data this
-    module immediately discards.
-    """
-    overrides_by_key = overrides_by_key or {}
-    disabled_model_keys = disabled_model_keys or set()
-    upstream_provider_id = getattr(upstream, "db_id", None)
-    if not isinstance(upstream_provider_id, int):
-        return [
-            model
-            for model in upstream.get_cached_models()
-            if getattr(model, "enabled", True)
-        ]
-
-    visible_models: list[object] = []
-    seen_model_ids: set[str] = set()
-
-    for model in upstream.get_cached_models():
-        model_id = getattr(model, "id", "")
-        key = (model_id.lower(), upstream_provider_id)
-        if not getattr(model, "enabled", True) or key in disabled_model_keys:
-            continue
-        # Apply overrides only for this provider's own model row.
-        override_row = overrides_by_key.get(key)
-        visible: object = model if override_row is None else override_row
-        visible_models.append(visible)
-        seen_model_ids.add(model_id.lower())
-
-    # DB-only override rows for this provider with no cached counterpart.
-    for (model_id_lower, provider_id), override_row in overrides_by_key.items():
-        if provider_id != upstream_provider_id:
-            continue
-        if model_id_lower in seen_model_ids:
-            continue
-        visible_models.append(override_row)
-        seen_model_ids.add(model_id_lower)
-
-    return visible_models
-
-
-async def _collect_provider_paths(
-    upstream: BaseUpstreamProvider,
-    provider_identity: ConfiguredProviderIdentity,
-    overrides_by_key: dict[ModelKey, ModelRow] | None = None,
-    disabled_model_keys: set[ModelKey] | None = None,
-    cycle: _RefreshCycleState | None = None,
-) -> ProviderPathSnapshot:
-    """Collect selectable routes while marking model-level degraded fetches.
-
-    A failed OpenRouter lookup preserves only that model's prior rows. Other
-    models in the same provider still refresh, so a partial outage cannot erase
-    valid discovery data or freeze the entire provider snapshot.
-    """
-    cycle = cycle or _RefreshCycleState()
-    models = _apply_model_visibility(upstream, overrides_by_key, disabled_model_keys)
-
-    def _base_path(model: object) -> DiscoveredPath:
-        model_id = exposed_model_id(model)
-        return DiscoveredPath(
-            model_id=model_id,
-            path=encode_model_path(
-                provider_identity.base_url, provider_identity.id, model_id
-            ),
-            provider=provider_identity,
-        )
-
-    if not is_openrouter_base_url(upstream.base_url):
-        return ProviderPathSnapshot(paths=tuple(_base_path(model) for model in models))
-
-    if not (upstream.provider_type or "").strip():
-        return ProviderPathSnapshot(paths=())
-
-    semaphore = asyncio.Semaphore(_OPENROUTER_CONCURRENCY)
-    async with _make_http_client() as client:
-
-        async def _for_model(
-            model: object,
-        ) -> tuple[list[DiscoveredPath], str | None]:
-            model_id = exposed_model_id(model)
-            author_slug = openrouter_author_slug(model)
-            if not author_slug:
-                return [_base_path(model)], None
-            endpoints = await _fetch_openrouter_endpoint_subproviders(
-                client,
-                upstream.base_url,
-                upstream.api_key,
-                author_slug,
-                semaphore,
-                cycle,
-            )
-            if endpoints is None:
-                return [], model_id
-            paths = [_base_path(model)]
-            paths.extend(
-                DiscoveredPath(
-                    model_id=model_id,
-                    path=encode_model_path(
-                        provider_identity.base_url,
-                        provider_identity.id,
-                        model_id,
-                        endpoint.tag,
-                    ),
-                    provider=provider_identity,
-                    endpoint_tag=endpoint.tag,
-                    endpoint_name=endpoint.provider_name,
-                )
-                for endpoint in endpoints
-            )
-            return paths, None
-
-        results = await asyncio.gather(
-            *(_for_model(model) for model in models), return_exceptions=True
-        )
-
-    paths: list[DiscoveredPath] = []
-    preserve_model_ids: set[str] = set()
-    for model, result in zip(models, results):
-        if isinstance(result, BaseException):
-            model_id = exposed_model_id(model)
-            preserve_model_ids.add(model_id)
-            logger.warning(
-                "OpenRouter endpoint discovery task errored",
-                extra={"provider": upstream.provider_type, "error": str(result)},
-            )
-            continue
-        model_paths, preserved_model_id = result
-        paths.extend(model_paths)
-        if preserved_model_id:
-            preserve_model_ids.add(preserved_model_id)
-
-    return ProviderPathSnapshot(
-        paths=tuple(paths), preserve_model_ids=frozenset(preserve_model_ids)
-    )
-
-
-async def _persist_provider_paths(
-    upstream_provider_id: int, snapshot: ProviderPathSnapshot
-) -> None:
-    """Replace refreshed rows while retaining model-level degraded snapshots."""
-    unique_paths = list(
-        {(path.model_id, path.path): path for path in snapshot.paths}.values()
-    )
-    now = int(time.time())
-    async with create_session() as session:
-        delete_stmt = delete(ModelPathRow).where(
-            col(ModelPathRow.upstream_provider_id) == upstream_provider_id
-        )
-        if snapshot.preserve_model_ids:
-            delete_stmt = delete_stmt.where(
-                col(ModelPathRow.model_id).not_in(sorted(snapshot.preserve_model_ids))
-            )
-        await session.exec(delete_stmt)  # type: ignore[call-overload]
-        for start in range(0, len(unique_paths), _PERSIST_CHUNK_SIZE):
-            chunk = unique_paths[start : start + _PERSIST_CHUNK_SIZE]
-            values = [
-                {
-                    "model_id": discovered.model_id,
-                    "path": discovered.path,
-                    "provider_slug": discovered.provider.slug,
-                    "provider_type": discovered.provider.provider_type,
-                    "endpoint_tag": discovered.endpoint_tag,
-                    "endpoint_name": discovered.endpoint_name,
-                    "upstream_provider_id": upstream_provider_id,
-                    "updated_at": now,
-                }
-                for discovered in chunk
-            ]
-            insert_stmt = insert(ModelPathRow).values(values)
-            await session.execute(
-                insert_stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
-                    index_elements=["model_id", "path", "upstream_provider_id"],
-                    set_={
-                        "provider_slug": insert_stmt.excluded.provider_slug,
-                        "provider_type": insert_stmt.excluded.provider_type,
-                        "endpoint_tag": insert_stmt.excluded.endpoint_tag,
-                        "endpoint_name": insert_stmt.excluded.endpoint_name,
-                        "updated_at": insert_stmt.excluded.updated_at,
-                    },
-                )
-            )
-        await session.commit()
-
-
-async def prune_model_paths_for_inactive_providers() -> None:
-    """Delete paths whose provider is no longer enabled in the database.
-
-    Called from ``refresh_model_maps`` so admin mutations (disable/delete
-    provider) stop advertising a provider's paths immediately instead of
-    waiting for the next timed refresh. Uses the DB as the source of truth, so
-    it is safe at boot even before upstreams initialize.
-    """
-    async with create_session() as session:
-        enabled_ids = (
-            await session.exec(
-                select(UpstreamProviderRow.id).where(
-                    col(UpstreamProviderRow.enabled).is_(True)
-                )
-            )
-        ).all()
-        stmt = delete(ModelPathRow)
-        if enabled_ids:
-            stmt = stmt.where(
-                col(ModelPathRow.upstream_provider_id).not_in(
-                    [pid for pid in enabled_ids if pid is not None]
-                )
-            )
-        await session.exec(stmt)  # type: ignore[call-overload]
-        await session.commit()
-
-
-async def refresh_model_paths(
-    upstreams: list[BaseUpstreamProvider],
-) -> None:
-    """Recompute and persist model paths for every enabled provider.
-
-    One provider's failure is logged and isolated; it must not break the rest.
-    A provider whose paths could not be determined this cycle keeps its
-    previously persisted rows. An empty ``upstreams`` list (e.g. a failed
-    ``initialize_upstreams`` at boot) is treated as "unknown" and touches
-    nothing.
-    """
-    if not upstreams:
-        logger.warning("Skipping model paths refresh: no live upstreams")
-        return
-
-    (
-        overrides_by_key,
-        disabled_model_keys,
-        provider_identities,
-    ) = await _load_model_visibility()
-    await prune_model_paths_for_inactive_providers()
-
-    cycle = _RefreshCycleState()
-    for upstream in upstreams:
-        if upstream.db_id is None or upstream.db_id not in provider_identities:
-            continue
-        try:
-            snapshot = await _collect_provider_paths(
-                upstream,
-                provider_identity=provider_identities[upstream.db_id],
-                overrides_by_key=overrides_by_key,
-                disabled_model_keys=disabled_model_keys,
-                cycle=cycle,
-            )
-            if snapshot.preserve_model_ids:
-                logger.warning(
-                    "Some model paths are unknown; keeping their previous rows",
-                    extra={
-                        "provider": upstream.provider_type or upstream.base_url,
-                        "db_id": upstream.db_id,
-                        "preserved_models": len(snapshot.preserve_model_ids),
-                    },
-                )
-            await _persist_provider_paths(upstream.db_id, snapshot)
-        except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001 - isolate per-provider failures
-            logger.error(
-                "Failed to refresh model paths for provider",
-                extra={
-                    "provider": upstream.provider_type or upstream.base_url,
-                    "db_id": upstream.db_id,
-                    "error": str(e),
-                    "error_type": type(e).__name__,
-                },
-            )
-
-
-async def refresh_model_paths_for_provider(upstream_provider_id: int) -> None:
-    """Synchronize one provider when model-path discovery is enabled."""
-    if _refresh_interval_seconds() <= 0:
-        return
-
-    from ..proxy import get_upstreams
-
-    matching = [
-        upstream
-        for upstream in get_upstreams()
-        if upstream.db_id == upstream_provider_id
-    ]
-    if matching:
-        await refresh_model_paths(matching)
-    else:
-        await prune_model_paths_for_inactive_providers()
-
-
-async def _drain_scheduled_provider_refreshes() -> None:
-    """Serialize and coalesce model-path refreshes scheduled by admin writes."""
-    global _scheduled_provider_refresh_task
-
-    try:
-        # Let mutations in the same event-loop turn collapse into one refresh.
-        await asyncio.sleep(0)
-        while _scheduled_provider_refresh_ids:
-            if _refresh_interval_seconds() <= 0:
-                _scheduled_provider_refresh_ids.clear()
-                return
-            provider_id = min(_scheduled_provider_refresh_ids)
-            _scheduled_provider_refresh_ids.remove(provider_id)
-            try:
-                await refresh_model_paths_for_provider(provider_id)
-            except asyncio.CancelledError:
-                raise
-            except Exception as exc:  # noqa: BLE001 - background best effort
-                logger.warning(
-                    "Failed to refresh model paths after admin mutation",
-                    extra={
-                        "upstream_provider_id": provider_id,
-                        "error": str(exc),
-                        "error_type": type(exc).__name__,
-                    },
-                )
-    finally:
-        _scheduled_provider_refresh_task = None
-
-
-async def schedule_model_paths_refresh_for_provider(
-    upstream_provider_id: int,
-) -> None:
-    """Queue a non-blocking, coalesced refresh after an admin mutation."""
-    global _scheduled_provider_refresh_task
-
-    if _refresh_interval_seconds() <= 0:
-        return
-    _scheduled_provider_refresh_ids.add(upstream_provider_id)
-    if (
-        _scheduled_provider_refresh_task is None
-        or _scheduled_provider_refresh_task.done()
-    ):
-        _scheduled_provider_refresh_task = asyncio.create_task(
-            _drain_scheduled_provider_refreshes(),
-            name="model-path-admin-refresh",
-        )
-
-
-def _refresh_interval_seconds() -> int:
-    """Current interval, re-read every loop so runtime setting changes apply."""
-    from ..core.settings import settings
-
-    if not getattr(settings, "enable_model_paths_refresh", True):
-        return 0
-    return int(getattr(settings, "model_paths_refresh_interval_seconds", 0) or 0)
-
-
-async def refresh_model_paths_periodically(
-    upstreams_provider: (
-        Callable[[], list[BaseUpstreamProvider]] | list[BaseUpstreamProvider]
-    ),
-) -> None:
-    """Background task mirroring ``refresh_upstreams_models_periodically``.
-
-    The interval and enable flag are re-read every iteration, so the refresh
-    can be turned off (or on) and retuned without a restart. While disabled the
-    task idles instead of exiting, so re-enabling takes effect.
-    """
-    _DISABLED_POLL_SECONDS = 60.0
-
-    def _resolve_upstreams() -> list[BaseUpstreamProvider]:
-        if callable(upstreams_provider):
-            return upstreams_provider()
-        return upstreams_provider
-
-    while True:
-        interval = _refresh_interval_seconds()
-        if interval <= 0:
-            try:
-                await asyncio.sleep(_DISABLED_POLL_SECONDS)
-            except asyncio.CancelledError:
-                break
-            continue
-
-        try:
-            await refresh_model_paths(_resolve_upstreams())
-        except asyncio.CancelledError:
-            break
-        except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001
-            logger.error(
-                "Error in model paths refresh loop",
-                extra={"error": str(e), "error_type": type(e).__name__},
-            )
-
-        try:
-            jitter = max(0.0, float(interval) * 0.1)
-            await asyncio.sleep(interval + random.uniform(0, jitter))
-        except asyncio.CancelledError:
-            break
-
-
-def _serialize_path(row: ModelPathRow) -> dict[str, Any]:
-    endpoint = None
-    if row.endpoint_tag or row.endpoint_name:
-        endpoint = {"tag": row.endpoint_tag, "name": row.endpoint_name}
-    return {
-        "path": row.path,
-        "provider": {
-            "id": row.upstream_provider_id,
-            "slug": row.provider_slug,
-            "type": row.provider_type,
-        },
-        "endpoint": endpoint,
-    }
-
-
-async def get_all_model_paths() -> dict:
-    """All models with their exact selectable routes."""
-    async with create_session() as session:
-        rows = (
-            await session.exec(
-                select(ModelPathRow).order_by(
-                    col(ModelPathRow.model_id),
-                    col(ModelPathRow.path),
-                    col(ModelPathRow.upstream_provider_id),
-                )
-            )
-        ).all()
-
-    grouped: dict[str, list[dict[str, Any]]] = {}
-    seen_paths: dict[str, set[str]] = {}
-    updated_at = 0
-    for row in rows:
-        updated_at = max(updated_at, row.updated_at)
-        if row.path in seen_paths.setdefault(row.model_id, set()):
-            continue
-        seen_paths[row.model_id].add(row.path)
-        grouped.setdefault(row.model_id, []).append(_serialize_path(row))
-    data = [
-        {
-            "id": grouped_model_id,
-            "paths": grouped[grouped_model_id],
-        }
-        for grouped_model_id in sorted(grouped)
-    ]
-    return {"data": data, "updated_at": updated_at or None}
-
-
-async def get_paths_for_model(model_id: str) -> dict:
-    """Return paths only for the exact model ID advertised by ``/v1/models``."""
-    async with create_session() as session:
-        rows = (
-            await session.exec(
-                select(ModelPathRow)
-                .where(col(ModelPathRow.model_id) == model_id)
-                .order_by(
-                    col(ModelPathRow.path),
-                    col(ModelPathRow.upstream_provider_id),
-                )
-            )
-        ).all()
-
-    seen: set[str] = set()
-    paths: list[dict] = []
-    updated_at = 0
-    for row in rows:
-        updated_at = max(updated_at, row.updated_at)
-        if row.path in seen:
-            continue
-        seen.add(row.path)
-        paths.append(_serialize_path(row))
-    return {"data": paths, "updated_at": updated_at or None}

routstr/wallet.py

@@ -1,9 +1,14 @@
 import asyncio
+import fcntl
+import os
 import re
 import socket
 import time
 import typing
-from typing import TypedDict
+from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
+from contextvars import ContextVar
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import AsyncGenerator, TypedDict
 
 import httpx
 from cashu.core.base import Proof, Token
@@ -32,6 +37,62 @@ _CashuMintInfo.model_rebuild(force=True)
 
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
+# Preserve the real scheduler yield even when payout tests patch asyncio.sleep.
+_scheduler_sleep = asyncio.sleep
+_WALLET_OPERATION_LOCK = Path(".wallet") / ".routstr-operation.lock"
+_wallet_operation_depth: ContextVar[int] = ContextVar(
+    "wallet_operation_depth", default=0
+)
+
+
+@asynccontextmanager
+async def wallet_operation_guard() -> AsyncGenerator[None, None]:
+    """Serialize proof mutation and owner payout across local worker processes."""
+    depth = _wallet_operation_depth.get()
+    if depth:
+        token = _wallet_operation_depth.set(depth + 1)
+        try:
+            yield
+        finally:
+            _wallet_operation_depth.reset(token)
+        return
+
+    _WALLET_OPERATION_LOCK.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    fd = os.open(_WALLET_OPERATION_LOCK, os.O_CREAT | os.O_RDWR, 0o600)
+    acquired = False
+    depth_token = None
+    try:
+        while not acquired:
+            try:
+                fcntl.flock(fd, fcntl.LOCK_EX | fcntl.LOCK_NB)
+                acquired = True
+            except BlockingIOError:
+                await _scheduler_sleep(0.05)
+        depth_token = _wallet_operation_depth.set(1)
+        yield
+    finally:
+        if depth_token is not None:
+            _wallet_operation_depth.reset(depth_token)
+        if acquired:
+            fcntl.flock(fd, fcntl.LOCK_UN)
+        os.close(fd)
+
+
+def _sats_to_msats(amount: int) -> int:
+    return amount * 1000
+
+
+def _msats_to_sats(amount: int) -> int:
+    return amount // 1000
+
+
+def _mints_to_inspect() -> list[str]:
+    """Return configured mints plus the primary mint, without duplicates."""
+    mint_urls = list(settings.cashu_mints)
+    if settings.primary_mint and settings.primary_mint not in mint_urls:
+        mint_urls.append(settings.primary_mint)
+    return mint_urls
+
 
 class MintConnectionError(Exception):
     """The mint could not be reached (network transport failure).
@@ -305,10 +366,10 @@ def _net_minted_amount(amount_msat: int, token_unit: str, fees: int) -> int:
     Convert the token value minus fees (given in the token unit) into an
     amount in the primary mint's unit.
     """
-    fee_msat = fees * 1000 if token_unit == "sat" else fees
+    fee_msat = _sats_to_msats(fees) if token_unit == "sat" else fees
     remaining_msat = amount_msat - fee_msat
     if settings.primary_mint_unit == "sat":
-        return int(remaining_msat // 1000)
+        return _msats_to_sats(remaining_msat)
     return int(remaining_msat)
 
 
@@ -361,7 +422,7 @@ async def _calculate_swap_amount(
     melt fees and NUT-02 input fees on the foreign mint.
     """
     if settings.primary_mint_unit == "sat":
-        receive_amount = amount_msat // 1000
+        receive_amount = _msats_to_sats(amount_msat)
     else:
         receive_amount = amount_msat
 
@@ -395,7 +456,7 @@ async def _calculate_swap_amount(
         logger.info(
             "swap_to_primary_mint: fee estimation result",
             extra={
-                "token_amount_sat": amount_msat // 1000,
+                "token_amount_sat": _msats_to_sats(amount_msat),
                 "estimated_fee": total_fees,
                 "estimated_fee_unit": token_unit,
                 "input_fees": input_fees,
@@ -434,7 +495,7 @@ async def swap_to_primary_mint(
         token_amount = token_obj.amount
 
     if token_obj.unit == "sat":
-        amount_msat = token_amount * 1000
+        amount_msat = _sats_to_msats(token_amount)
     elif token_obj.unit == "msat":
         amount_msat = token_amount
     else:
@@ -598,7 +659,10 @@ async def swap_to_primary_mint(
             # advance the counter so the next request derives fresh secrets.
             logger.warning(
                 "swap_to_primary_mint: outputs already signed — recovering orphaned proofs",
-                extra={"mint_quote_id": mint_quote.quote, "minted_amount": minted_amount},
+                extra={
+                    "mint_quote_id": mint_quote.quote,
+                    "minted_amount": minted_amount,
+                },
             )
             try:
                 for keyset_id in primary_wallet.keysets:
@@ -667,6 +731,13 @@ async def swap_to_primary_mint(
 
 async def credit_balance(
     cashu_token: str, key: db.ApiKey, session: db.AsyncSession
+) -> int:
+    async with wallet_operation_guard():
+        return await _credit_balance_locked(cashu_token, key, session)
+
+
+async def _credit_balance_locked(
+    cashu_token: str, key: db.ApiKey, session: db.AsyncSession
 ) -> int:
     logger.info(
         "credit_balance: Starting token redemption",
@@ -683,7 +754,7 @@ async def credit_balance(
         )
 
         if unit == "sat":
-            amount = amount * 1000
+            amount = _sats_to_msats(amount)
             logger.info(
                 "credit_balance: Converted to msat", extra={"amount_msat": amount}
             )
@@ -728,6 +799,9 @@ async def credit_balance(
                 )
             await session.commit()
             await session.refresh(key)
+            # refresh() starts a read transaction; release it before the
+            # transaction-history write opens its own session below.
+            await session.commit()
         except TokenConsumedError:
             raise
         except Exception as db_error:
@@ -836,18 +910,34 @@ async def fetch_all_balances(
     if units is None:
         units = ["sat", "msat"]
 
-    async def fetch_balance(
-        session: db.AsyncSession, mint_url: str, unit: str
-    ) -> BalanceDetail:
-        try:
-            wallet = await get_wallet(mint_url, unit)
-            proofs = get_proofs_per_mint_and_unit(
-                wallet, mint_url, unit, not_reserved=True
+    # Received tokens are stored against primary_mint even when cashu_mints is
+    # empty, so include it in both the liability query and mint fan-out.
+    mint_urls = _mints_to_inspect()
+
+    user_balances: dict[tuple[str, str], int] = {}
+    liabilities_error: str | None = None
+    try:
+        async with db.create_session() as session:
+            user_balances = await db.balances_by_mint_and_unit(
+                session, mint_urls, units
             )
-            proofs = await slow_filter_spend_proofs(proofs, wallet)
-            user_balance = await db.balances_for_mint_and_unit(session, mint_url, unit)
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error("Error reading user balances", extra={"error": str(e)})
+        liabilities_error = str(e)
+
+    mint_check_limit = asyncio.Semaphore(settings.mint_operation_concurrency)
+
+    async def fetch_balance(mint_url: str, unit: str) -> BalanceDetail:
+        try:
+            async with mint_check_limit:
+                wallet = await get_wallet(mint_url, unit)
+                proofs = get_proofs_per_mint_and_unit(
+                    wallet, mint_url, unit, not_reserved=True
+                )
+                proofs = await slow_filter_spend_proofs(proofs, wallet)
+            user_balance = user_balances.get((mint_url, unit), 0)
             if unit == "sat":
-                user_balance = user_balance // 1000
+                user_balance = _msats_to_sats(user_balance)
             proofs_balance = sum(proof.amount for proof in proofs)
 
             result: BalanceDetail = {
@@ -870,48 +960,37 @@ async def fetch_all_balances(
             }
             return error_result
 
-    # Build the set of mints to inspect. Received tokens are stored against
-    # ``primary_mint`` (which defaults to a real mint even when ``cashu_mints``
-    # is empty), so include it as a fallback — otherwise a node that accepts
-    # payments would still report empty balances when ``cashu_mints`` is unset.
-    mint_urls: list[str] = list(settings.cashu_mints)
-    if settings.primary_mint and settings.primary_mint not in mint_urls:
-        mint_urls.append(settings.primary_mint)
+    tasks = [fetch_balance(mint_url, unit) for mint_url in mint_urls for unit in units]
+    balance_details = list(await asyncio.gather(*tasks))
 
-    # Create tasks for all mint/unit combinations
-    async with db.create_session() as session:
-        tasks = [
-            fetch_balance(session, mint_url, unit)
-            for mint_url in mint_urls
-            for unit in units
-        ]
-
-        # Run all tasks concurrently
-        balance_details = list(await asyncio.gather(*tasks))
-
-    # Calculate totals
     total_wallet_balance_sats = 0
     total_user_balance_sats = 0
-
     for detail in balance_details:
-        if not detail.get("error"):
-            # Convert to sats for total calculation
-            unit = detail["unit"]
-            proofs_balance_sats = (
-                detail["wallet_balance"]
-                if unit == "sat"
-                else detail["wallet_balance"] // 1000
-            )
-            user_balance_sats = (
+        if detail.get("error"):
+            continue
+        unit = detail["unit"]
+        total_wallet_balance_sats += (
+            detail["wallet_balance"]
+            if unit == "sat"
+            else _msats_to_sats(detail["wallet_balance"])
+        )
+        if liabilities_error is None:
+            total_user_balance_sats += (
                 detail["user_balance"]
                 if unit == "sat"
-                else detail["user_balance"] // 1000
+                else _msats_to_sats(detail["user_balance"])
             )
 
-            total_wallet_balance_sats += proofs_balance_sats
-            total_user_balance_sats += user_balance_sats
-
-    owner_balance = total_wallet_balance_sats - total_user_balance_sats
+    if liabilities_error is None:
+        owner_balance = total_wallet_balance_sats - total_user_balance_sats
+    else:
+        # Custody remains knowable when the DB read fails, but the user/owner
+        # split does not. Never report unknown liabilities as owner profit.
+        owner_balance = 0
+        for detail in balance_details:
+            detail["user_balance"] = 0
+            detail["owner_balance"] = 0
+            detail.setdefault("error", liabilities_error)
 
     return (
         balance_details,
@@ -921,6 +1000,70 @@ async def fetch_all_balances(
     )
 
 
+async def _payout_mint_and_unit(mint_url: str, unit: str) -> None:
+    """Send only conservatively proven owner funds for one wallet."""
+    try:
+        wallet = await get_wallet(mint_url, unit)
+        proofs = get_proofs_per_mint_and_unit(
+            wallet, mint_url, unit, not_reserved=True
+        )
+        proofs = await slow_filter_spend_proofs(proofs, wallet)
+        await asyncio.sleep(5)
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error(
+            f"Error sending payout: {type(e).__name__}",
+            extra={"error": str(e), "mint_url": mint_url, "unit": unit},
+        )
+        return
+
+    try:
+        async with db.create_session() as session:
+            # ApiKey stores a refund preference, not funding provenance. Until
+            # liabilities have a durable per-credit ledger, subtract the total
+            # liability from every wallet rather than risk calling customer
+            # funds owner profit on the wrong mint.
+            user_balance = await db.total_user_liability(session)
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error(
+            f"Error in periodic payout cycle: {type(e).__name__}",
+            extra={"error": str(e), "mint_url": mint_url, "unit": unit},
+        )
+        return
+
+    try:
+        if unit == "sat":
+            user_balance = _msats_to_sats(user_balance)
+        proofs_balance = sum(proof.amount for proof in proofs)
+        available_balance = proofs_balance - user_balance
+        min_amount = (
+            settings.min_payout_sat
+            if unit == "sat"
+            else _sats_to_msats(settings.min_payout_sat)
+        )
+        if available_balance > min_amount:
+            amount_received = await raw_send_to_lnurl(
+                wallet,
+                proofs,
+                settings.receive_ln_address,
+                unit,
+                amount=available_balance,
+            )
+            logger.info(
+                "Payout sent successfully",
+                extra={
+                    "mint_url": mint_url,
+                    "unit": unit,
+                    "balance": available_balance,
+                    "amount_received": amount_received,
+                },
+            )
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error(
+            f"Error sending payout: {type(e).__name__}",
+            extra={"error": str(e), "mint_url": mint_url, "unit": unit},
+        )
+
+
 async def periodic_payout() -> None:
     while True:
         await asyncio.sleep(settings.payout_interval_seconds)
@@ -928,64 +1071,13 @@ async def periodic_payout() -> None:
             if not settings.receive_ln_address:
                 continue
 
-            # Include the primary mint even if it is not listed in cashu_mints,
-            # matching fetch_all_balances(); otherwise primary-mint funds never
-            # auto-payout.
-            mint_urls: list[str] = list(settings.cashu_mints)
-            if settings.primary_mint and settings.primary_mint not in mint_urls:
-                mint_urls.append(settings.primary_mint)
-
-            async with db.create_session() as session:
-                for mint_url in mint_urls:
-                    for unit in ["sat", "msat"]:
-                        # Isolate failures per mint/unit so one slow or failing
-                        # mint does not abort payout for every other mint/unit.
-                        try:
-                            wallet = await get_wallet(mint_url, unit)
-                            proofs = get_proofs_per_mint_and_unit(
-                                wallet, mint_url, unit, not_reserved=True
-                            )
-                            proofs = await slow_filter_spend_proofs(proofs, wallet)
-                            await asyncio.sleep(5)
-                            user_balance = await db.balances_for_mint_and_unit(
-                                session, mint_url, unit
-                            )
-                            if unit == "sat":
-                                user_balance = user_balance // 1000
-                            proofs_balance = sum(proof.amount for proof in proofs)
-                            available_balance = proofs_balance - user_balance
-                            # Threshold is configured in sats; convert for msat wallets.
-                            min_amount = (
-                                settings.min_payout_sat
-                                if unit == "sat"
-                                else settings.min_payout_sat * 1000
-                            )
-                            if available_balance > min_amount:
-                                amount_received = await raw_send_to_lnurl(
-                                    wallet,
-                                    proofs,
-                                    settings.receive_ln_address,
-                                    unit,
-                                    amount=available_balance,
-                                )
-                                logger.info(
-                                    "Payout sent successfully",
-                                    extra={
-                                        "mint_url": mint_url,
-                                        "unit": unit,
-                                        "balance": available_balance,
-                                        "amount_received": amount_received,
-                                    },
-                                )
-                        except Exception as e:
-                            logger.error(
-                                f"Error sending payout: {type(e).__name__}",
-                                extra={
-                                    "error": str(e),
-                                    "mint_url": mint_url,
-                                    "unit": unit,
-                                },
-                            )
+            for mint_url in _mints_to_inspect():
+                for unit in ["sat", "msat"]:
+                    # Proof mutation, liability observation, and sending are one
+                    # cross-process critical section. A credit takes the same
+                    # lock from before redemption through its liability commit.
+                    async with wallet_operation_guard():
+                        await _payout_mint_and_unit(mint_url, unit)
         except Exception as e:
             logger.error(
                 f"Error in periodic payout cycle: {type(e).__name__}",
@@ -993,22 +1085,65 @@ async def periodic_payout() -> None:
             )
 
 
+async def _set_refund_sweep_state(
+    refund_id: str,
+    *,
+    predicates: tuple[typing.Any, ...] = (),
+    **values: object,
+) -> int:
+    async with db.create_session() as session:
+        result = await session.exec(  # type: ignore[call-overload]
+            update(db.CashuTransaction)
+            .where(col(db.CashuTransaction.id) == refund_id, *predicates)
+            .values(**values)
+        )
+        await session.commit()
+        return int(result.rowcount or 0)
+
+
 async def _refund_sweep_once(cutoff: int) -> None:
+    claim_cutoff = int(time.time()) - settings.refund_sweep_claim_timeout_seconds
+    claim_available = col(db.CashuTransaction.sweep_started_at).is_(None) | (
+        col(db.CashuTransaction.sweep_started_at) < claim_cutoff
+    )
     async with db.create_session() as session:
         stmt = select(db.CashuTransaction).where(
             db.CashuTransaction.type == "out",
             db.CashuTransaction.collected == False,  # noqa: E712
             db.CashuTransaction.swept == False,  # noqa: E712
             db.CashuTransaction.created_at < cutoff,
+            claim_available,
         )
         results = await session.exec(stmt)
         refunds = results.all()
 
-        for refund in refunds:
-            try:
-                await recieve_token(refund.token)
-                refund.swept = True
-                session.add(refund)
+    for refund in refunds:
+        reclaimed_stale_claim = refund.sweep_started_at is not None
+        claim_started_at = int(time.time())
+        claimed = await _set_refund_sweep_state(
+            refund.id,
+            predicates=(
+                col(db.CashuTransaction.swept) == False,  # noqa: E712
+                col(db.CashuTransaction.collected) == False,  # noqa: E712
+                claim_available,
+            ),
+            sweep_started_at=claim_started_at,
+        )
+        if claimed != 1:
+            continue
+
+        claim_owned = col(db.CashuTransaction.sweep_started_at) == claim_started_at
+        redeemed = False
+        try:
+            await recieve_token(refund.token)
+            redeemed = True
+            finalized = await _set_refund_sweep_state(
+                refund.id,
+                predicates=(claim_owned,),
+                swept=True,
+                sweep_started_at=None,
+            )
+            if finalized == 1:
                 logger.info(
                     "Swept uncollected refund",
                     extra={
@@ -1017,26 +1152,70 @@ async def _refund_sweep_once(cutoff: int) -> None:
                         "unit": refund.unit,
                     },
                 )
-            except Exception as e:
-                error_msg = str(e).lower()
-                if "already spent" in error_msg:
-                    refund.collected = True
-                    session.add(refund)
+            else:
+                logger.critical(
+                    "Refund token swept after claim ownership changed; manual reconciliation required",
+                    extra={"id": refund.id},
+                )
+        except BaseException as e:
+            if redeemed or isinstance(e, TokenConsumedError):
+                # The token was spent, or the redemption outcome is known to be
+                # post-spend. Retain the claim so a stale retry classifies
+                # "already spent" as swept, never as a client collection.
+                logger.critical(
+                    "Refund token spent but sweep checkpoint was not completed; manual reconciliation required",
+                    extra={"id": refund.id},
+                    exc_info=isinstance(e, Exception),
+                )
+                if not isinstance(e, Exception):
+                    raise
+                continue
+
+            error_msg = str(e).lower()
+            if isinstance(e, Exception) and "already spent" in error_msg:
+                if reclaimed_stale_claim:
+                    # A prior worker may have redeemed the token and crashed
+                    # before finalizing. Treat the ambiguous stale claim as a
+                    # completed sweep rather than misreporting client collection.
+                    updated = await _set_refund_sweep_state(
+                        refund.id,
+                        predicates=(claim_owned,),
+                        swept=True,
+                        sweep_started_at=None,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    updated = await _set_refund_sweep_state(
+                        refund.id,
+                        predicates=(claim_owned,),
+                        collected=True,
+                        swept=False,
+                        sweep_started_at=None,
+                    )
+                if updated == 1:
                     logger.info(
-                        "Refund already spent (client collected), marking swept",
+                        "Refund token was already spent",
                         extra={
                             "id": refund.id,
+                            "reclaimed_stale_claim": reclaimed_stale_claim,
                         },
                     )
                 else:
                     logger.warning(
-                        "Failed to sweep refund",
-                        extra={
-                            "id": refund.id,
-                            "error": str(e),
-                        },
+                        "Refund claim ownership changed before spent-token checkpoint",
+                        extra={"id": refund.id},
                     )
-        await session.commit()
+            else:
+                # Once redemption starts, an exception cannot prove the token
+                # was not spent (for example, a melt may land before the
+                # response is lost). Retain the claim so a stale retry treats
+                # an "already spent" result as a completed sweep.
+                logger.critical(
+                    "Refund token redemption outcome is unknown; retaining sweep claim for reconciliation",
+                    extra={"id": refund.id, "error": str(e)},
+                    exc_info=isinstance(e, Exception),
+                )
+                if not isinstance(e, Exception):
+                    raise
 
 
 async def refund_sweep_once() -> None:
@@ -1082,53 +1261,71 @@ async def periodic_routstr_fee_payout() -> None:
                     )
                     continue
 
-                accumulated_sats = fee.accumulated_msats // 1000
-                if accumulated_sats >= ROUTSTR_FEE_DEFAULT_PAYOUT:
-                    wallet = await get_wallet(settings.primary_mint, "sat")
-                    proofs = get_proofs_per_mint_and_unit(
-                        wallet, settings.primary_mint, "sat", not_reserved=True
-                    )
-                    paid_msats = accumulated_sats * 1000
-                    payout_checkpointed = await db.reset_routstr_fee(
-                        session, paid_msats
-                    )
-                    if not payout_checkpointed:
-                        logger.warning("Routstr fee payout was already claimed")
-                        continue
+                accumulated_sats = _msats_to_sats(fee.accumulated_msats)
+                if accumulated_sats < ROUTSTR_FEE_DEFAULT_PAYOUT:
+                    continue
+                paid_msats = _sats_to_msats(accumulated_sats)
 
-                    try:
-                        amount_received = await raw_send_to_lnurl(
-                            wallet,
-                            proofs,
-                            ROUTSTR_LN_ADDRESS,
-                            "sat",
-                            amount=accumulated_sats,
-                        )
-                    except Exception:
-                        logger.critical(
-                            "Routstr fee payout outcome is unknown; manual reconciliation required",
-                            extra={"payout_in_progress_msats": paid_msats},
-                            exc_info=True,
-                        )
-                        continue
+            # Wallet/proof preparation cannot send funds, so do it before the
+            # durable checkpoint. A preparation failure must not strand an
+            # in-progress payout that requires manual reconciliation.
+            wallet = await get_wallet(settings.primary_mint, "sat")
+            proofs = get_proofs_per_mint_and_unit(
+                wallet, settings.primary_mint, "sat", not_reserved=True
+            )
 
+            async with db.create_session() as session:
+                payout_checkpointed = await db.reset_routstr_fee(session, paid_msats)
+            if not payout_checkpointed:
+                logger.warning("Routstr fee payout was already claimed")
+                continue
+
+            try:
+                amount_received = await raw_send_to_lnurl(
+                    wallet,
+                    proofs,
+                    ROUTSTR_LN_ADDRESS,
+                    "sat",
+                    amount=accumulated_sats,
+                )
+            except BaseException as e:
+                logger.critical(
+                    "Routstr fee payout outcome is unknown; manual reconciliation required",
+                    extra={"payout_in_progress_msats": paid_msats},
+                    exc_info=isinstance(e, Exception),
+                )
+                if not isinstance(e, Exception):
+                    raise
+                continue
+
+            try:
+                async with db.create_session() as session:
                     payout_completed = await db.complete_routstr_fee_payout(
                         session, paid_msats
                     )
-                    if not payout_completed:
-                        logger.critical(
-                            "Routstr fee payout sent but checkpoint was not completed",
-                            extra={"payout_in_progress_msats": paid_msats},
-                        )
-                        continue
+            except BaseException as e:
+                logger.critical(
+                    "Routstr fee payout sent but checkpoint was not completed",
+                    extra={"payout_in_progress_msats": paid_msats},
+                    exc_info=isinstance(e, Exception),
+                )
+                if not isinstance(e, Exception):
+                    raise
+                continue
+            if not payout_completed:
+                logger.critical(
+                    "Routstr fee payout sent but checkpoint was not completed",
+                    extra={"payout_in_progress_msats": paid_msats},
+                )
+                continue
 
-                    logger.info(
-                        "Routstr fee payout sent",
-                        extra={
-                            "accumulated_sats": accumulated_sats,
-                            "amount_received": amount_received,
-                        },
-                    )
+            logger.info(
+                "Routstr fee payout sent",
+                extra={
+                    "accumulated_sats": accumulated_sats,
+                    "amount_received": amount_received,
+                },
+            )
         except Exception as e:
             logger.error(
                 f"Error in Routstr fee payout: {type(e).__name__}",

tests/integration/test_lightning_invoice_constraints.py

@@ -3,20 +3,23 @@
 Covers two things:
 - The three constraint fields (balance_limit, balance_limit_reset, validity_date)
   are persisted on LightningInvoice and survive a DB round-trip.
-- create_api_key_from_invoice propagates those fields to the created ApiKey,
-  so the constraints are actually enforced when the key is used.
+- The production-path API-key record helper propagates those fields to the
+  created ApiKey, so the constraints are actually enforced when the key is used.
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import asyncio
 import time
-from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, patch
+from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock, patch
 
 import pytest
+from sqlalchemy import inspect
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncEngine
 from sqlmodel.ext.asyncio.session import AsyncSession
 
 from routstr.core.db import ApiKey, LightningInvoice
-from routstr.lightning import create_api_key_from_invoice
+from routstr.lightning import _create_api_key_record
 
 
 def _make_invoice(**kwargs: object) -> LightningInvoice:
@@ -48,6 +51,7 @@ def mock_wallet_mint() -> object:
 # Persistence
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_invoice_persists_balance_limit(
     integration_session: AsyncSession,
@@ -92,6 +96,7 @@ async def test_invoice_persists_validity_date(
 # Propagation to ApiKey
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_created_key_receives_balance_limit(
     integration_session: AsyncSession,
@@ -100,7 +105,7 @@ async def test_created_key_receives_balance_limit(
     integration_session.add(invoice)
     await integration_session.flush()
 
-    api_key = await create_api_key_from_invoice(invoice, integration_session)
+    api_key = await _create_api_key_record(invoice, integration_session)
     await integration_session.commit()
 
     stored_key = await integration_session.get(ApiKey, api_key.hashed_key)
@@ -116,7 +121,7 @@ async def test_created_key_receives_balance_limit_reset(
     integration_session.add(invoice)
     await integration_session.flush()
 
-    api_key = await create_api_key_from_invoice(invoice, integration_session)
+    api_key = await _create_api_key_record(invoice, integration_session)
     await integration_session.commit()
 
     stored_key = await integration_session.get(ApiKey, api_key.hashed_key)
@@ -133,7 +138,7 @@ async def test_created_key_receives_validity_date(
     integration_session.add(invoice)
     await integration_session.flush()
 
-    api_key = await create_api_key_from_invoice(invoice, integration_session)
+    api_key = await _create_api_key_record(invoice, integration_session)
     await integration_session.commit()
 
     stored_key = await integration_session.get(ApiKey, api_key.hashed_key)
@@ -141,6 +146,243 @@ async def test_created_key_receives_validity_date(
     assert stored_key.validity_date == expiry
 
 
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_payment_check_releases_connection_during_mint_quote(
+    integration_engine: AsyncEngine,
+    patched_db_engine: None,
+) -> None:
+    invoice = _make_invoice(id="inv_slow_quote", status="pending", paid_at=None)
+    async with AsyncSession(integration_engine, expire_on_commit=False) as setup:
+        setup.add(invoice)
+        await setup.commit()
+
+    async with AsyncSession(integration_engine, expire_on_commit=False) as session:
+        stored = await session.get(LightningInvoice, invoice.id)
+        assert stored is not None
+
+        async def quote_status(*args: object, **kwargs: object) -> MagicMock:
+            assert integration_engine.pool.checkedout() == 0  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            return MagicMock(paid=False)
+
+        wallet = MagicMock()
+        wallet.get_mint_quote = AsyncMock(side_effect=quote_status)
+        with patch("routstr.lightning.get_wallet", AsyncMock(return_value=wallet)):
+            from routstr.lightning import check_invoice_payment
+
+            await check_invoice_payment(stored, session)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_concurrent_payment_checks_mint_and_credit_invoice_once(
+    integration_engine: AsyncEngine,
+    patched_db_engine: None,
+) -> None:
+    invoice = _make_invoice(id="inv_concurrent", status="pending", paid_at=None)
+    async with AsyncSession(integration_engine, expire_on_commit=False) as setup:
+        setup.add(invoice)
+        await setup.commit()
+
+    wallet = MagicMock()
+    wallet.get_mint_quote = AsyncMock(return_value=MagicMock(paid=True))
+
+    mint_calls = 0
+
+    async def single_use_mint(*args: object, **kwargs: object) -> list[object]:
+        # Real mints enforce single-use quotes: the second concurrent minter
+        # gets rejected at the mint, mirroring cashu quote semantics.
+        nonlocal mint_calls
+        mint_calls += 1
+        call_number = mint_calls
+        await asyncio.sleep(0.05)
+        if call_number > 1:
+            raise Exception("quote already issued")
+        return []
+
+    wallet.mint = AsyncMock(side_effect=single_use_mint)
+
+    async with (
+        AsyncSession(integration_engine, expire_on_commit=False) as first,
+        AsyncSession(integration_engine, expire_on_commit=False) as second,
+    ):
+        first_invoice = await first.get(LightningInvoice, invoice.id)
+        second_invoice = await second.get(LightningInvoice, invoice.id)
+        assert first_invoice is not None
+        assert second_invoice is not None
+
+        with patch("routstr.lightning.get_wallet", AsyncMock(return_value=wallet)):
+            from routstr.lightning import check_invoice_payment
+
+            await asyncio.gather(
+                check_invoice_payment(first_invoice, first),
+                check_invoice_payment(second_invoice, second),
+            )
+
+    async with AsyncSession(integration_engine, expire_on_commit=False) as verify:
+        stored_invoice = await verify.get(LightningInvoice, invoice.id)
+        assert stored_invoice is not None
+        assert stored_invoice.status == "paid"
+        assert stored_invoice.api_key_hash is not None
+        stored_key = await verify.get(ApiKey, stored_invoice.api_key_hash)
+        assert stored_key is not None
+        assert stored_key.balance == invoice.amount_sats * 1000
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_failed_mint_keeps_invoice_pending_for_retry(
+    integration_engine: AsyncEngine,
+    patched_db_engine: None,
+) -> None:
+    invoice = _make_invoice(id="inv_mint_failure", status="pending", paid_at=None)
+    async with AsyncSession(integration_engine, expire_on_commit=False) as setup:
+        setup.add(invoice)
+        await setup.commit()
+
+    wallet = MagicMock()
+    wallet.get_mint_quote = AsyncMock(return_value=MagicMock(paid=True))
+    wallet.mint = AsyncMock(side_effect=TimeoutError("mint unavailable"))
+    async with AsyncSession(integration_engine, expire_on_commit=False) as session:
+        stored = await session.get(LightningInvoice, invoice.id)
+        assert stored is not None
+        with patch("routstr.lightning.get_wallet", AsyncMock(return_value=wallet)):
+            from routstr.lightning import check_invoice_payment
+
+            await check_invoice_payment(stored, session)
+
+    async with AsyncSession(integration_engine, expire_on_commit=False) as verify:
+        stored = await verify.get(LightningInvoice, invoice.id)
+        assert stored is not None
+        assert stored.status == "pending"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_unpaid_topup_does_not_query_target_key(
+    integration_engine: AsyncEngine,
+    patched_db_engine: None,
+) -> None:
+    invoice = _make_invoice(
+        id="inv_unpaid_topup",
+        status="pending",
+        paid_at=None,
+        purpose="topup",
+        api_key_hash="target-key",
+    )
+    async with AsyncSession(integration_engine, expire_on_commit=False) as setup:
+        setup.add(invoice)
+        await setup.commit()
+
+    wallet = MagicMock()
+    wallet.get_mint_quote = AsyncMock(return_value=MagicMock(paid=False))
+    create_session = MagicMock(side_effect=RuntimeError("target lookup should not run"))
+    async with AsyncSession(integration_engine, expire_on_commit=False) as session:
+        stored = await session.get(LightningInvoice, invoice.id)
+        assert stored is not None
+        with (
+            patch("routstr.lightning.get_wallet", AsyncMock(return_value=wallet)),
+            patch("routstr.lightning.create_session", create_session),
+        ):
+            from routstr.lightning import check_invoice_payment
+
+            await check_invoice_payment(stored, session)
+
+    wallet.get_mint_quote.assert_awaited_once_with(invoice.payment_hash)
+    create_session.assert_not_called()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_missing_topup_target_is_rejected_before_mint(
+    integration_engine: AsyncEngine,
+    patched_db_engine: None,
+) -> None:
+    invoice = _make_invoice(
+        id="inv_missing_topup_target",
+        status="pending",
+        paid_at=None,
+        purpose="topup",
+        api_key_hash="pruned-key",
+        expires_at=int(time.time()) - 1,
+    )
+    async with AsyncSession(integration_engine, expire_on_commit=False) as setup:
+        setup.add(invoice)
+        await setup.commit()
+
+    wallet = MagicMock()
+    wallet.get_mint_quote = AsyncMock(return_value=MagicMock(paid=True))
+    wallet.mint = AsyncMock()
+    async with AsyncSession(integration_engine, expire_on_commit=False) as session:
+        stored = await session.get(LightningInvoice, invoice.id)
+        assert stored is not None
+        with (
+            patch("routstr.lightning.get_wallet", AsyncMock(return_value=wallet)),
+            patch("routstr.lightning.logger.critical") as critical,
+        ):
+            from routstr.lightning import get_invoice_status
+
+            response = await get_invoice_status(invoice.id, session)
+
+        assert response.status == "reconciliation_required"
+        assert stored.status == "reconciliation_required"
+        assert stored not in session.dirty
+        critical.assert_called_once()
+
+    wallet.mint.assert_not_awaited()
+    async with AsyncSession(integration_engine) as verify:
+        stored = await verify.get(LightningInvoice, invoice.id)
+        assert stored is not None
+        assert stored.status == "reconciliation_required"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_post_mint_db_failure_keeps_invoice_pending_for_reconciliation(
+    integration_engine: AsyncEngine,
+    patched_db_engine: None,
+) -> None:
+    invoice = _make_invoice(id="inv_finalize_failure", status="pending", paid_at=None)
+    sibling = _make_invoice(
+        id="inv_finalize_failure_sibling",
+        bolt11="lnbc1000n1sibling",
+        payment_hash="cafebabe" * 8,
+        status="pending",
+        paid_at=None,
+    )
+    async with AsyncSession(integration_engine, expire_on_commit=False) as setup:
+        setup.add_all([invoice, sibling])
+        await setup.commit()
+
+    wallet = MagicMock()
+    wallet.get_mint_quote = AsyncMock(return_value=MagicMock(paid=True))
+    wallet.mint = AsyncMock(return_value=[])
+    async with AsyncSession(integration_engine, expire_on_commit=False) as session:
+        stored = await session.get(LightningInvoice, invoice.id)
+        stored_sibling = await session.get(LightningInvoice, sibling.id)
+        assert stored is not None
+        assert stored_sibling is not None
+        with (
+            patch("routstr.lightning.get_wallet", AsyncMock(return_value=wallet)),
+            patch(
+                "routstr.lightning._create_api_key_record",
+                AsyncMock(side_effect=RuntimeError("database unavailable")),
+            ),
+        ):
+            from routstr.lightning import check_invoice_payment
+
+            await check_invoice_payment(stored, session)
+
+        stored_state = inspect(stored)
+        sibling_state = inspect(stored_sibling)
+        assert stored_state is not None
+        assert sibling_state is not None
+        assert stored_state.expired is False
+        assert sibling_state.expired is False
+        assert stored.status == "pending"
+        assert stored_sibling.id == sibling.id
+
+    assert wallet.mint.await_count == 1
+    async with AsyncSession(integration_engine, expire_on_commit=False) as verify:
+        stored = await verify.get(LightningInvoice, invoice.id)
+        assert stored is not None
+        assert stored.status == "pending"
+
+
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_created_key_without_constraints_has_none_fields(
     integration_session: AsyncSession,
@@ -149,7 +391,7 @@ async def test_created_key_without_constraints_has_none_fields(
     integration_session.add(invoice)
     await integration_session.flush()
 
-    api_key = await create_api_key_from_invoice(invoice, integration_session)
+    api_key = await _create_api_key_record(invoice, integration_session)
     await integration_session.commit()
 
     stored_key = await integration_session.get(ApiKey, api_key.hashed_key)
@@ -157,3 +399,84 @@ async def test_created_key_without_constraints_has_none_fields(
     assert stored_key.balance_limit is None
     assert stored_key.balance_limit_reset is None
     assert stored_key.validity_date is None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_db_guard_credits_once_when_both_mints_succeed(
+    integration_engine: AsyncEngine,
+    patched_db_engine: None,
+) -> None:
+    """Even if the mint fails to enforce single-use quotes and both racers
+    mint successfully, the conditional status update must credit exactly once."""
+    key = ApiKey(hashed_key="race-key", balance=1_000)
+    invoice = _make_invoice(
+        id="inv_db_guard",
+        status="pending",
+        paid_at=None,
+        purpose="topup",
+        api_key_hash="race-key",
+    )
+    sibling = _make_invoice(
+        id="inv_db_guard_sibling",
+        bolt11="lnbc1000n1race-sibling",
+        payment_hash="01234567" * 8,
+        status="pending",
+        paid_at=None,
+    )
+    async with AsyncSession(integration_engine, expire_on_commit=False) as setup:
+        setup.add_all([key, invoice, sibling])
+        await setup.commit()
+
+    wallet = MagicMock()
+    wallet.get_mint_quote = AsyncMock(return_value=MagicMock(paid=True))
+
+    async def always_succeeding_mint(*args: object, **kwargs: object) -> list[object]:
+        await asyncio.sleep(0.05)
+        return []
+
+    wallet.mint = AsyncMock(side_effect=always_succeeding_mint)
+
+    async with (
+        AsyncSession(integration_engine, expire_on_commit=False) as first,
+        AsyncSession(integration_engine, expire_on_commit=False) as second,
+    ):
+        first_invoice = await first.get(LightningInvoice, invoice.id)
+        first_sibling = await first.get(LightningInvoice, sibling.id)
+        second_invoice = await second.get(LightningInvoice, invoice.id)
+        assert first_invoice is not None
+        assert first_sibling is not None
+        assert second_invoice is not None
+
+        with patch("routstr.lightning.get_wallet", AsyncMock(return_value=wallet)):
+            from routstr.lightning import check_invoice_payment
+
+            await asyncio.gather(
+                check_invoice_payment(first_invoice, first),
+                check_invoice_payment(second_invoice, second),
+            )
+
+        first_state = inspect(first_invoice)
+        sibling_state = inspect(first_sibling)
+        second_state = inspect(second_invoice)
+        assert first_state is not None
+        assert sibling_state is not None
+        assert second_state is not None
+        assert first_state.expired is False
+        assert sibling_state.expired is False
+        assert second_state.expired is False
+        assert first_invoice.id == invoice.id
+        assert first_sibling.id == sibling.id
+        assert second_invoice.id == invoice.id
+        assert first_invoice.status == "paid"
+        assert second_invoice.status == "paid"
+        assert first_invoice not in first.dirty
+        assert second_invoice not in second.dirty
+
+    assert wallet.mint.await_count == 2
+    async with AsyncSession(integration_engine, expire_on_commit=False) as verify:
+        stored_invoice = await verify.get(LightningInvoice, invoice.id)
+        assert stored_invoice is not None
+        assert stored_invoice.status == "paid"
+        stored_key = await verify.get(ApiKey, "race-key")
+        assert stored_key is not None
+        assert stored_key.balance == 1_000 + invoice.amount_sats * 1000

tests/integration/test_periodic_payout_safety.py

@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+"""Money-safety regression coverage for automatic wallet payouts."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+from collections.abc import Callable, Coroutine
+from typing import Any
+from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock, patch
+
+import pytest
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncEngine
+from sqlmodel.ext.asyncio.session import AsyncSession
+
+from routstr.core import db
+from routstr.core.db import ApiKey
+from routstr.core.settings import settings
+from routstr.wallet import credit_balance, periodic_payout
+
+PRIMARY_MINT = "http://primary:3338"
+REFUND_MINT = "http://refund:3338"
+PAYOUT_INTERVAL = 987
+
+
+class _LoopBreak(Exception):
+    """Stop the otherwise-infinite payout loop after one cycle."""
+
+
+def _one_payout_cycle() -> Callable[[float], Coroutine[Any, Any, None]]:
+    intervals_seen = 0
+
+    async def sleep(seconds: float) -> None:
+        nonlocal intervals_seen
+        if seconds == PAYOUT_INTERVAL:
+            intervals_seen += 1
+            if intervals_seen == 2:
+                raise _LoopBreak()
+
+    return sleep
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_cross_mint_liability_is_not_paid_as_owner_profit(
+    integration_engine: AsyncEngine,
+    patched_db_engine: None,
+) -> None:
+    """Refund preferences must not make primary-mint customer funds payable."""
+    async with AsyncSession(integration_engine, expire_on_commit=False) as setup:
+        setup.add(
+            ApiKey(
+                hashed_key="cross-mint-key",
+                balance=50_000,
+                refund_mint_url=REFUND_MINT,
+                refund_currency="sat",
+            )
+        )
+        await setup.commit()
+
+    primary_proof = MagicMock(amount=50)
+    raw_send = AsyncMock(return_value=50)
+
+    def proofs_for_mint(
+        _wallet: object, mint_url: str, unit: str, **_kwargs: object
+    ) -> list[MagicMock]:
+        if mint_url == PRIMARY_MINT and unit == "sat":
+            return [primary_proof]
+        return []
+
+    with (
+        patch.object(settings, "cashu_mints", [REFUND_MINT]),
+        patch.object(settings, "primary_mint", PRIMARY_MINT),
+        patch.object(settings, "receive_ln_address", "owner@ln.test"),
+        patch.object(settings, "payout_interval_seconds", PAYOUT_INTERVAL),
+        patch.object(settings, "min_payout_sat", 10),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.asyncio.sleep", _one_payout_cycle()),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.get_wallet", AsyncMock(return_value=MagicMock())),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.get_proofs_per_mint_and_unit",
+            MagicMock(side_effect=proofs_for_mint),
+        ),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.slow_filter_spend_proofs",
+            AsyncMock(side_effect=lambda proofs, _wallet: proofs),
+        ),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.raw_send_to_lnurl", raw_send),
+    ):
+        with pytest.raises(_LoopBreak):
+            await periodic_payout()
+
+    raw_send.assert_not_awaited()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_payout_does_not_send_proofs_whose_liability_commit_is_in_flight(
+    integration_engine: AsyncEngine,
+    patched_db_engine: None,
+) -> None:
+    """Proof visibility before liability commit must not expose customer funds."""
+    key = ApiKey(
+        hashed_key="in-flight-topup-key",
+        balance=0,
+        refund_mint_url=PRIMARY_MINT,
+        refund_currency="sat",
+    )
+    async with AsyncSession(integration_engine, expire_on_commit=False) as setup:
+        setup.add(key)
+        await setup.commit()
+
+    proofs: list[MagicMock] = []
+    proof_visible = asyncio.Event()
+    finish_redemption = asyncio.Event()
+    liability_read = asyncio.Event()
+
+    async def redeem_token(token: str) -> tuple[int, str, str]:
+        proofs.append(MagicMock(amount=200))
+        proof_visible.set()
+        await finish_redemption.wait()
+        return 200, "sat", PRIMARY_MINT
+
+    real_total_liability = db.total_user_liability
+
+    async def read_liability(_session: AsyncSession) -> int:
+        async with db.create_session() as snapshot_session:
+            value = await real_total_liability(snapshot_session)
+        liability_read.set()
+        return value
+
+    raw_send = AsyncMock(return_value=200)
+
+    with (
+        patch.object(settings, "cashu_mints", []),
+        patch.object(settings, "primary_mint", PRIMARY_MINT),
+        patch.object(settings, "receive_ln_address", "owner@ln.test"),
+        patch.object(settings, "payout_interval_seconds", PAYOUT_INTERVAL),
+        patch.object(settings, "min_payout_sat", 10),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.asyncio.sleep", _one_payout_cycle()),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.recieve_token", AsyncMock(side_effect=redeem_token)),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.get_wallet", AsyncMock(return_value=MagicMock())),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.get_proofs_per_mint_and_unit",
+            MagicMock(side_effect=lambda *_args, **_kwargs: list(proofs)),
+        ),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.slow_filter_spend_proofs",
+            AsyncMock(side_effect=lambda visible, _wallet: visible),
+        ),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.db.total_user_liability",
+            AsyncMock(side_effect=read_liability),
+        ),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.raw_send_to_lnurl", raw_send),
+    ):
+        async with AsyncSession(integration_engine, expire_on_commit=False) as credit_session:
+            stored_key = await credit_session.get(ApiKey, key.hashed_key)
+            assert stored_key is not None
+            credit_task = asyncio.create_task(
+                credit_balance("cashu-token", stored_key, credit_session)
+            )
+            await asyncio.wait_for(proof_visible.wait(), timeout=2)
+
+            payout_task = asyncio.create_task(periodic_payout())
+            try:
+                await asyncio.wait_for(liability_read.wait(), timeout=0.1)
+                liability_was_read_while_crediting = True
+            except TimeoutError:
+                liability_was_read_while_crediting = False
+
+            finish_redemption.set()
+            await asyncio.wait_for(credit_task, timeout=2)
+
+            with pytest.raises(_LoopBreak):
+                await asyncio.wait_for(payout_task, timeout=2)
+
+    assert liability_was_read_while_crediting is False
+    raw_send.assert_not_awaited()

tests/integration/test_proxy_session_lifecycle.py

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+"""Integration coverage for proxy database-session lifetime."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock, patch
+
+import pytest
+from fastapi import Response
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncEngine
+from sqlmodel.ext.asyncio.session import AsyncSession
+
+from routstr import proxy as proxy_module
+from routstr.core.db import ApiKey
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_authenticated_proxy_releases_db_connection_before_upstream_headers(
+    integration_engine: AsyncEngine,
+    integration_session: AsyncSession,
+    patched_db_engine: None,
+) -> None:
+    """Slow upstream header waits must not retain a checked-out DB connection."""
+    key = ApiKey(
+        hashed_key="proxy-pool-key",
+        balance=1_000_000,
+        refund_mint_url="http://primary:3338",
+        refund_currency="sat",
+    )
+    integration_session.add(key)
+    await integration_session.commit()
+
+    request = MagicMock()
+    request.method = "POST"
+    request.headers = {"authorization": "Bearer test-key"}
+    request.body = AsyncMock(return_value=json.dumps({"model": "test-model"}).encode())
+    request.url.path = "/v1/chat/completions"
+    request.state.request_id = "pool-hold-regression"
+
+    model = MagicMock()
+    upstream = MagicMock()
+    upstream.provider_type = "test"
+    upstream.prepare_headers.return_value = {}
+
+    async def wait_for_headers(*args: object, **kwargs: object) -> Response:
+        assert integration_engine.pool.checkedout() == 0  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        return Response(status_code=200)
+
+    upstream.forward_request = AsyncMock(side_effect=wait_for_headers)
+
+    with (
+        patch("routstr.proxy.get_candidates", return_value=[(model, upstream)]),
+        patch("routstr.proxy.get_max_cost_for_model", AsyncMock(return_value=100)),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.proxy.calculate_discounted_max_cost",
+            AsyncMock(return_value=100),
+        ),
+        patch("routstr.proxy.check_token_balance"),
+        patch("routstr.proxy.get_bearer_token_key", AsyncMock(return_value=key)),
+    ):
+        response = await proxy_module._proxy(
+            request, "v1/chat/completions", integration_session
+        )
+
+    assert response.status_code == 200

tests/unit/test_admin_transactions.py

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
+from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock, patch
+
+import pytest
+
+from routstr.core.admin import get_transactions_api
+from routstr.core.db import CashuTransaction
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_transactions_api_excludes_internal_sweep_claim_timestamp() -> None:
+    transaction = CashuTransaction(
+        token="cashu-token",
+        amount=10,
+        unit="sat",
+        type="out",
+        sweep_started_at=123,
+    )
+    count_result = MagicMock()
+    count_result.one.return_value = 1
+    transactions_result = MagicMock()
+    transactions_result.all.return_value = [transaction]
+    session = MagicMock()
+    session.exec = AsyncMock(side_effect=[count_result, transactions_result])
+
+    @asynccontextmanager
+    async def create_session():  # type: ignore[no-untyped-def]
+        yield session
+
+    with patch("routstr.core.admin.create_session", create_session):
+        response = await get_transactions_api()
+
+    assert response["total"] == 1
+    assert response["transactions"][0]["token"] == "cashu-token"
+    assert "sweep_started_at" not in response["transactions"][0]

tests/unit/test_balance.py

@@ -221,6 +221,78 @@ def _make_api_key(
     return key
 
 
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_apikey_refund_returns_persisted_token_after_cache_loss() -> None:
+    key = _make_api_key(balance=0, refund_currency="sat")
+    refund_token = "cashuApersisted_refund_token"
+    refund_tx = _make_cashu_tx(
+        token=refund_token,
+        amount=5,
+        unit="sat",
+        type="out",
+        request_id=None,
+    )
+    refund_tx.source = "apikey"
+    refund_tx.api_key_hashed_key = key.hashed_key
+
+    session = MagicMock()
+    session.get = AsyncMock(return_value=key)
+    session.exec = AsyncMock(return_value=_exec_result(refund_tx))
+    session.add = MagicMock()
+    session.commit = AsyncMock()
+
+    with (
+        patch("routstr.balance._refund_cache_get", AsyncMock(return_value=None)),
+        patch("routstr.balance.send_token", AsyncMock()) as mock_send_token,
+    ):
+        result = await refund_wallet_endpoint(
+            authorization="Bearer sk-testhash",
+            x_cashu=None,
+            session=session,
+        )
+
+    assert result == {"token": refund_token, "sats": "5"}
+    assert refund_tx.collected is True
+    session.add.assert_called_once_with(refund_tx)
+    session.commit.assert_awaited_once()
+    mock_send_token.assert_not_awaited()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_apikey_refund_rejects_persisted_token_after_sweep() -> None:
+    from fastapi import HTTPException
+
+    key = _make_api_key(balance=0, refund_currency="sat")
+    refund_tx = _make_cashu_tx(
+        token="cashuAswept_apikey_refund",
+        amount=5,
+        unit="sat",
+        request_id=None,
+        swept=True,
+    )
+    refund_tx.source = "apikey"
+    refund_tx.api_key_hashed_key = key.hashed_key
+
+    session = MagicMock()
+    session.get = AsyncMock(return_value=key)
+    session.exec = AsyncMock(return_value=_exec_result(refund_tx))
+    session.add = MagicMock()
+    session.commit = AsyncMock()
+
+    with patch("routstr.balance._refund_cache_get", AsyncMock(return_value=None)):
+        with pytest.raises(HTTPException) as exc_info:
+            await refund_wallet_endpoint(
+                authorization="Bearer sk-testhash",
+                x_cashu=None,
+                session=session,
+            )
+
+    assert exc_info.value.status_code == 410
+    assert exc_info.value.detail == "Refund has been swept"
+    session.add.assert_not_called()
+    session.commit.assert_not_awaited()
+
+
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_apikey_refund_stores_cashu_transaction_with_apikey_source() -> None:
     key = _make_api_key(balance=5000, refund_currency="sat")

tests/unit/test_balances_by_mint_and_unit.py

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+"""Real-DB coverage for db.balances_by_mint_and_unit.
+
+Verifies the grouped liability query used by fetch_all_balances: it sums
+balances per (mint_url, unit), filters to the requested mints/units, excludes
+NULL mint/currency rows, and returns nothing for empty inputs.
+"""
+
+from typing import AsyncGenerator
+
+import pytest
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncEngine, create_async_engine
+from sqlalchemy.pool import StaticPool
+from sqlmodel import SQLModel
+from sqlmodel.ext.asyncio.session import AsyncSession
+
+from routstr.core.db import (
+    ApiKey,
+    balance_for_mint_and_unit,
+    balances_by_mint_and_unit,
+)
+
+
+def _make_engine() -> AsyncEngine:
+    return create_async_engine(
+        "sqlite+aiosqlite://",
+        poolclass=StaticPool,
+        connect_args={"check_same_thread": False},
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+async def session() -> "AsyncGenerator[AsyncSession, None]":
+    engine = _make_engine()
+    async with engine.begin() as conn:
+        await conn.run_sync(SQLModel.metadata.create_all)
+    db_session = AsyncSession(engine, expire_on_commit=False)
+    try:
+        yield db_session
+    finally:
+        await db_session.close()
+        await engine.dispose()
+
+
+async def _add_key(
+    session: AsyncSession,
+    hashed_key: str,
+    balance: int,
+    mint_url: str | None,
+    currency: str | None,
+) -> None:
+    session.add(
+        ApiKey(
+            hashed_key=hashed_key,
+            balance=balance,
+            refund_mint_url=mint_url,
+            refund_currency=currency,
+        )
+    )
+    await session.commit()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_sums_and_groups_by_mint_and_unit(session: AsyncSession) -> None:
+    await _add_key(session, "a", 1000, "http://m1", "sat")
+    await _add_key(session, "b", 500, "http://m1", "sat")
+    await _add_key(session, "c", 7000, "http://m1", "msat")
+    await _add_key(session, "d", 200, "http://m2", "sat")
+
+    result = await balances_by_mint_and_unit(
+        session, ["http://m1", "http://m2"], ["sat", "msat"]
+    )
+
+    assert result[("http://m1", "sat")] == 1500
+    assert result[("http://m1", "msat")] == 7000
+    assert result[("http://m2", "sat")] == 200
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_filters_out_unrequested_mints_and_units(session: AsyncSession) -> None:
+    await _add_key(session, "a", 1000, "http://wanted", "sat")
+    await _add_key(session, "b", 999, "http://other", "sat")
+    await _add_key(session, "c", 888, "http://wanted", "usd")
+
+    result = await balances_by_mint_and_unit(session, ["http://wanted"], ["sat"])
+
+    assert result == {("http://wanted", "sat"): 1000}
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_excludes_rows_with_null_mint_or_currency(session: AsyncSession) -> None:
+    await _add_key(session, "a", 1000, "http://m1", "sat")
+    await _add_key(session, "b", 4242, None, None)
+
+    result = await balances_by_mint_and_unit(session, ["http://m1"], ["sat"])
+
+    assert result == {("http://m1", "sat"): 1000}
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_scalar_balance_for_one_mint_and_unit(session: AsyncSession) -> None:
+    await _add_key(session, "a", 1000, "http://m1", "sat")
+    await _add_key(session, "b", 500, "http://m1", "sat")
+    await _add_key(session, "c", 9000, "http://m1", "msat")
+    await _add_key(session, "d", 700, "http://m2", "sat")
+
+    assert await balance_for_mint_and_unit(session, "http://m1", "sat") == 1500
+    assert await balance_for_mint_and_unit(session, "http://missing", "sat") == 0
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_empty_inputs_return_empty_mapping(session: AsyncSession) -> None:
+    await _add_key(session, "a", 1000, "http://m1", "sat")
+
+    assert await balances_by_mint_and_unit(session, [], ["sat"]) == {}
+    assert await balances_by_mint_and_unit(session, ["http://m1"], []) == {}

tests/unit/test_db_pool_config.py

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+from unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch
+
+import pytest
+from sqlalchemy.pool import StaticPool
+
+from routstr.core import db
+from routstr.core.db import create_db_engine
+from routstr.core.settings import settings
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_engine_uses_validated_bounded_pool_settings(
+    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch, tmp_path: object
+) -> None:
+    monkeypatch.setattr(settings, "database_pool_size", 12)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(settings, "database_max_overflow", 3)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(settings, "database_pool_timeout", 2.5)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(settings, "database_pool_recycle", 900)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(settings, "database_pool_pre_ping", False)
+
+    engine = create_db_engine(f"sqlite+aiosqlite:///{tmp_path}/pool.db")
+    try:
+        assert engine.pool.size() == 12  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        assert engine.pool._max_overflow == 3  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        assert engine.pool._timeout == 2.5  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        assert engine.pool._recycle == 900
+        assert engine.pool._pre_ping is False
+    finally:
+        await engine.dispose()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_memory_sqlite_keeps_static_pool(
+    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,
+) -> None:
+    monkeypatch.setattr(settings, "database_pool_pre_ping", True)
+    engine = create_db_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite://")
+    try:
+        assert isinstance(engine.pool, StaticPool)
+        assert engine.pool._pre_ping is True
+    finally:
+        await engine.dispose()
+
+
+def test_non_sqlite_backend_enables_pre_ping_automatically(
+    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,
+) -> None:
+    monkeypatch.setattr(settings, "database_pool_pre_ping", False)
+    fake_engine = MagicMock()
+
+    with (
+        patch.object(db, "create_async_engine", return_value=fake_engine) as factory,
+        patch.object(db.event, "listen") as listen,
+    ):
+        created = create_db_engine("postgresql+asyncpg://user:pass@db/node")
+
+    assert created is fake_engine
+    assert factory.call_args.kwargs["pool_pre_ping"] is True
+    assert listen.call_count == 2
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_every_created_engine_warns_for_long_checkouts(
+    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch, tmp_path: object
+) -> None:
+    monkeypatch.setattr(settings, "database_pool_hold_warn_seconds", 0.0)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(settings, "database_pool_pre_ping", False)
+    first = create_db_engine(f"sqlite+aiosqlite:///{tmp_path}/first.db")
+    second = create_db_engine(f"sqlite+aiosqlite:///{tmp_path}/second.db")
+
+    try:
+        with patch.object(db.logger, "warning") as warning:
+            async with first.connect() as connection:
+                await connection.exec_driver_sql("SELECT 1")
+            async with second.connect() as connection:
+                await connection.exec_driver_sql("SELECT 1")
+
+        assert warning.call_count == 2
+        assert all(
+            call.kwargs["extra"]["threshold_seconds"] == 0.0
+            for call in warning.call_args_list
+        )
+    finally:
+        await first.dispose()
+        await second.dispose()

tests/unit/test_fee_payout_crash_safety.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import asyncio
-from collections.abc import AsyncIterator
+from collections.abc import AsyncGenerator
 from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
 from types import SimpleNamespace
 from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, Mock, patch
@@ -13,9 +13,19 @@ from routstr import wallet
 from routstr.core import db
 
 
-@asynccontextmanager
-async def _session_context(session: Mock) -> AsyncIterator[Mock]:
-    yield session
+class _SessionContext:
+    def __init__(self, session: Mock) -> None:
+        self.session = session
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> Mock:
+        return self.session
+
+    async def __aexit__(self, *args: object) -> None:
+        return None
+
+
+def _session_context(session: Mock) -> _SessionContext:
+    return _SessionContext(session)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
@@ -47,7 +57,7 @@ async def test_fee_payout_checkpoint_is_atomic_and_durable() -> None:
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_fee_payout_checkpoints_before_sending() -> None:
+async def test_fee_payout_prepares_wallet_then_checkpoints_before_sending() -> None:
     session = Mock()
     fee = SimpleNamespace(
         accumulated_msats=5_000,
@@ -57,6 +67,10 @@ async def test_fee_payout_checkpoints_before_sending() -> None:
     payout_wallet = Mock()
     events: list[str] = []
 
+    async def prepare(*_args: object) -> Mock:
+        events.append("prepare")
+        return payout_wallet
+
     async def checkpoint(*_args: object) -> bool:
         events.append("checkpoint")
         return True
@@ -77,18 +91,92 @@ async def test_fee_payout_checkpoints_before_sending() -> None:
             "routstr.wallet.asyncio.sleep",
             AsyncMock(side_effect=[None, asyncio.CancelledError()]),
         ),
-        patch("routstr.wallet.db.create_session", return_value=_session_context(session)),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.db.create_session", return_value=_session_context(session)
+        ),
         patch("routstr.wallet.db.get_routstr_fee", AsyncMock(return_value=fee)),
         patch("routstr.wallet.db.reset_routstr_fee", side_effect=checkpoint),
         patch("routstr.wallet.db.complete_routstr_fee_payout", side_effect=complete),
-        patch("routstr.wallet.get_wallet", AsyncMock(return_value=payout_wallet)),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.get_wallet", AsyncMock(side_effect=prepare)),
         patch("routstr.wallet.get_proofs_per_mint_and_unit", return_value=[]),
         patch("routstr.wallet.raw_send_to_lnurl", side_effect=send),
     ):
         with pytest.raises(asyncio.CancelledError):
             await wallet.periodic_routstr_fee_payout()
 
-    assert events == ["checkpoint", "send", "complete"]
+    assert events == ["prepare", "checkpoint", "send", "complete"]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_fee_payout_preparation_failure_does_not_checkpoint() -> None:
+    session = Mock()
+    fee = SimpleNamespace(
+        accumulated_msats=5_000,
+        payout_in_progress_msats=0,
+        payout_started_at=None,
+    )
+    checkpoint = AsyncMock()
+
+    with (
+        patch("routstr.auth.ROUTSTR_FEE_DEFAULT_PAYOUT", 1),
+        patch("routstr.auth.ROUTSTR_FEE_PAYOUT_INTERVAL_SECONDS", 1),
+        patch("routstr.auth.ROUTSTR_LN_ADDRESS", "fees@example.com"),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.asyncio.sleep",
+            AsyncMock(side_effect=[None, asyncio.CancelledError()]),
+        ),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.db.create_session", return_value=_session_context(session)
+        ),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.db.get_routstr_fee", AsyncMock(return_value=fee)),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.db.reset_routstr_fee", checkpoint),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.get_wallet",
+            AsyncMock(side_effect=RuntimeError("wallet unavailable")),
+        ),
+    ):
+        with pytest.raises(asyncio.CancelledError):
+            await wallet.periodic_routstr_fee_payout()
+
+    checkpoint.assert_not_awaited()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_fee_payout_lost_checkpoint_race_does_not_send() -> None:
+    session = Mock()
+    fee = SimpleNamespace(
+        accumulated_msats=5_000,
+        payout_in_progress_msats=0,
+        payout_started_at=None,
+    )
+    send = AsyncMock()
+
+    with (
+        patch("routstr.auth.ROUTSTR_FEE_DEFAULT_PAYOUT", 1),
+        patch("routstr.auth.ROUTSTR_FEE_PAYOUT_INTERVAL_SECONDS", 1),
+        patch("routstr.auth.ROUTSTR_LN_ADDRESS", "fees@example.com"),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.asyncio.sleep",
+            AsyncMock(side_effect=[None, asyncio.CancelledError()]),
+        ),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.db.create_session", return_value=_session_context(session)
+        ),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.db.get_routstr_fee", AsyncMock(return_value=fee)),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.db.reset_routstr_fee",
+            AsyncMock(return_value=False),
+        ),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.get_wallet", AsyncMock(return_value=Mock())),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.get_proofs_per_mint_and_unit", return_value=[]),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.raw_send_to_lnurl", send),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.logger.warning") as warning,
+    ):
+        with pytest.raises(asyncio.CancelledError):
+            await wallet.periodic_routstr_fee_payout()
+
+    send.assert_not_awaited()
+    warning.assert_called_once_with("Routstr fee payout was already claimed")
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
@@ -107,7 +195,9 @@ async def test_fee_payout_does_not_retry_an_unresolved_checkpoint() -> None:
             "routstr.wallet.asyncio.sleep",
             AsyncMock(side_effect=[None, asyncio.CancelledError()]),
         ),
-        patch("routstr.wallet.db.create_session", return_value=_session_context(session)),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.db.create_session", return_value=_session_context(session)
+        ),
         patch("routstr.wallet.db.get_routstr_fee", AsyncMock(return_value=fee)),
         patch("routstr.wallet.db.reset_routstr_fee", AsyncMock()) as checkpoint,
         patch("routstr.wallet.get_wallet", AsyncMock()) as get_wallet,
@@ -141,7 +231,9 @@ async def test_fee_payout_keeps_checkpoint_when_send_outcome_is_unknown() -> Non
             "routstr.wallet.asyncio.sleep",
             AsyncMock(side_effect=[None, asyncio.CancelledError()]),
         ),
-        patch("routstr.wallet.db.create_session", return_value=_session_context(session)),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.db.create_session", return_value=_session_context(session)
+        ),
         patch("routstr.wallet.db.get_routstr_fee", AsyncMock(return_value=fee)),
         patch("routstr.wallet.db.reset_routstr_fee", AsyncMock(return_value=True)),
         patch("routstr.wallet.db.complete_routstr_fee_payout", complete),
@@ -158,3 +250,139 @@ async def test_fee_payout_keeps_checkpoint_when_send_outcome_is_unknown() -> Non
 
     complete.assert_not_awaited()
     critical.assert_called_once()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_fee_payout_cancellation_during_send_alerts_and_propagates() -> None:
+    session = Mock()
+    fee = SimpleNamespace(
+        accumulated_msats=5_000,
+        payout_in_progress_msats=0,
+        payout_started_at=None,
+    )
+    complete = AsyncMock()
+
+    with (
+        patch("routstr.auth.ROUTSTR_FEE_DEFAULT_PAYOUT", 1),
+        patch("routstr.auth.ROUTSTR_FEE_PAYOUT_INTERVAL_SECONDS", 1),
+        patch("routstr.auth.ROUTSTR_LN_ADDRESS", "fees@example.com"),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.asyncio.sleep", AsyncMock(return_value=None)),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.db.create_session", return_value=_session_context(session)
+        ),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.db.get_routstr_fee", AsyncMock(return_value=fee)),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.db.reset_routstr_fee", AsyncMock(return_value=True)),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.db.complete_routstr_fee_payout", complete),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.get_wallet", AsyncMock(return_value=Mock())),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.get_proofs_per_mint_and_unit", return_value=[]),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.raw_send_to_lnurl",
+            AsyncMock(side_effect=asyncio.CancelledError()),
+        ),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.logger.critical") as critical,
+    ):
+        with pytest.raises(asyncio.CancelledError):
+            await wallet.periodic_routstr_fee_payout()
+
+    complete.assert_not_awaited()
+    critical.assert_called_once()
+    assert critical.call_args.args[0] == (
+        "Routstr fee payout outcome is unknown; manual reconciliation required"
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("failure_site", ["session", "completion"])
+async def test_fee_payout_completion_failures_use_sent_checkpoint_alert(
+    failure_site: str,
+) -> None:
+    session = Mock()
+    fee = SimpleNamespace(
+        accumulated_msats=5_000,
+        payout_in_progress_msats=0,
+        payout_started_at=None,
+    )
+    completion = AsyncMock()
+    if failure_site == "session":
+        create_session = Mock(
+            side_effect=[
+                _session_context(session),
+                _session_context(session),
+                RuntimeError("pool unavailable"),
+            ]
+        )
+    else:
+        create_session = Mock(return_value=_session_context(session))
+        completion.side_effect = RuntimeError("checkpoint unavailable")
+
+    with (
+        patch("routstr.auth.ROUTSTR_FEE_DEFAULT_PAYOUT", 1),
+        patch("routstr.auth.ROUTSTR_FEE_PAYOUT_INTERVAL_SECONDS", 1),
+        patch("routstr.auth.ROUTSTR_LN_ADDRESS", "fees@example.com"),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.asyncio.sleep",
+            AsyncMock(side_effect=[None, asyncio.CancelledError()]),
+        ),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.db.create_session", create_session),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.db.get_routstr_fee", AsyncMock(return_value=fee)),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.db.reset_routstr_fee", AsyncMock(return_value=True)),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.db.complete_routstr_fee_payout", completion),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.get_wallet", AsyncMock(return_value=Mock())),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.get_proofs_per_mint_and_unit", return_value=[]),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.raw_send_to_lnurl", AsyncMock(return_value=5)),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.logger.critical") as critical,
+    ):
+        with pytest.raises(asyncio.CancelledError):
+            await wallet.periodic_routstr_fee_payout()
+
+    critical.assert_called_once()
+    assert critical.call_args.args[0] == (
+        "Routstr fee payout sent but checkpoint was not completed"
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_fee_payout_releases_db_connection_during_send(tmp_path: object) -> None:
+    """With pool_size=1, the payout must not hold a connection while the
+    external LNURL send is in flight, or the completion step would starve."""
+    engine = create_async_engine(
+        f"sqlite+aiosqlite:///{tmp_path}/payout.db", pool_size=1, max_overflow=0
+    )
+    async with engine.begin() as connection:
+        await connection.run_sync(SQLModel.metadata.create_all)
+    async with AsyncSession(engine) as session:
+        session.add(db.RoutstrFee(id=1, accumulated_msats=5_000_000))
+        await session.commit()
+
+    @asynccontextmanager
+    async def create_session() -> AsyncGenerator[AsyncSession, None]:
+        async with AsyncSession(engine, expire_on_commit=False) as session:
+            yield session
+
+    async def send(*_args: object, **_kwargs: object) -> int:
+        assert engine.pool.checkedout() == 0  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        return 5
+
+    try:
+        with (
+            patch("routstr.auth.ROUTSTR_FEE_DEFAULT_PAYOUT", 1),
+            patch("routstr.auth.ROUTSTR_FEE_PAYOUT_INTERVAL_SECONDS", 1),
+            patch("routstr.auth.ROUTSTR_LN_ADDRESS", "fees@example.com"),
+            patch(
+                "routstr.wallet.asyncio.sleep",
+                AsyncMock(side_effect=[None, asyncio.CancelledError()]),
+            ),
+            patch("routstr.wallet.db.create_session", create_session),
+            patch("routstr.wallet.get_wallet", AsyncMock(return_value=Mock())),
+            patch("routstr.wallet.get_proofs_per_mint_and_unit", return_value=[]),
+            patch("routstr.wallet.raw_send_to_lnurl", side_effect=send),
+        ):
+            with pytest.raises(asyncio.CancelledError):
+                await wallet.periodic_routstr_fee_payout()
+
+        async with AsyncSession(engine) as session:
+            fee = await db.get_routstr_fee(session)
+            assert fee.payout_in_progress_msats == 0
+            assert fee.total_paid_msats == 5_000_000
+    finally:
+        await engine.dispose()

tests/unit/test_fee_payout_migration.py

@@ -4,9 +4,6 @@ import subprocess
 import sys
 from pathlib import Path
 
-from alembic.config import Config
-from alembic.script import ScriptDirectory
-
 
 def _run_alembic(root: Path, database_url: str, revision: str) -> None:
     env = os.environ.copy()
@@ -40,10 +37,7 @@ def test_fresh_node_migrates_fee_payout_schema_to_head(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
             "payout_in_progress_msats, payout_started_at FROM routstr_fees"
         ).fetchone()
 
-    migration_config = Config(str(root / "alembic.ini"))
-    assert version == (
-        ScriptDirectory.from_config(migration_config).get_current_head(),
-    )
+    assert version == ("aa50fde387a2",)
     assert {
         "id",
         "accumulated_msats",

tests/unit/test_fetch_all_balances.py

@@ -1,7 +1,13 @@
+import asyncio
+from collections.abc import AsyncGenerator
 from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
+from pathlib import Path
 from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock, patch
 
 import pytest
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
+from sqlmodel import SQLModel
+from sqlmodel.ext.asyncio.session import AsyncSession
 
 from routstr.wallet import fetch_all_balances
 
@@ -26,8 +32,10 @@ def _patches(  # type: ignore[no-untyped-def]
             AsyncMock(side_effect=lambda proofs, wallet: proofs),
         ),
         patch(
-            "routstr.wallet.db.balances_for_mint_and_unit",
-            AsyncMock(return_value=user_balance_msats),
+            "routstr.wallet.db.balances_by_mint_and_unit",
+            AsyncMock(
+                return_value={("http://primary:3338", "sat"): user_balance_msats}
+            ),
         ),
         patch("routstr.wallet.db.create_session", _fake_session),
     ]
@@ -38,8 +46,9 @@ async def test_fetch_all_balances_falls_back_to_primary_mint() -> None:
     """With empty cashu_mints, balances are still fetched for primary_mint."""
     from routstr.core.settings import settings
 
-    with patch.object(settings, "cashu_mints", []), patch.object(
-        settings, "primary_mint", "http://primary:3338"
+    with (
+        patch.object(settings, "cashu_mints", []),
+        patch.object(settings, "primary_mint", "http://primary:3338"),
     ):
         for p in _patches(proof_amount=1000):
             p.start()
@@ -54,13 +63,159 @@ async def test_fetch_all_balances_falls_back_to_primary_mint() -> None:
     assert total_wallet == 1000
 
 
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_fetch_all_balances_closes_db_session_before_concurrent_mint_io() -> None:
+    """Slow mint checks must never run while the balance DB session is open."""
+    from routstr.core.settings import settings
+
+    session_open = False
+    mint_calls = 0
+
+    @asynccontextmanager
+    async def tracked_session():  # type: ignore[no-untyped-def]
+        nonlocal session_open
+        session_open = True
+        try:
+            yield MagicMock()
+        finally:
+            session_open = False
+
+    async def slow_filter(proofs, wallet):  # type: ignore[no-untyped-def]
+        nonlocal mint_calls
+        assert session_open is False
+        mint_calls += 1
+        await asyncio.sleep(0)
+        return proofs
+
+    with (
+        patch.object(settings, "cashu_mints", ["http://one:3338", "http://two:3338"]),
+        patch.object(settings, "primary_mint", "http://one:3338"),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.db.create_session", tracked_session),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.db.balances_by_mint_and_unit",
+            AsyncMock(return_value={}),
+            create=True,
+        ),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.get_wallet", AsyncMock(return_value=MagicMock())),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.get_proofs_per_mint_and_unit",
+            MagicMock(return_value=[MagicMock(amount=1)]),
+        ),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.slow_filter_spend_proofs",
+            AsyncMock(side_effect=slow_filter),
+        ),
+    ):
+        details, *_ = await fetch_all_balances(units=["sat", "msat"])
+
+    assert mint_calls == 4
+    assert all("error" not in detail for detail in details)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_fetch_all_balances_bounds_parallel_mint_checks() -> None:
+    """A slow mint fleet cannot create an unbounded external-I/O fan-out."""
+    from routstr.core.settings import settings
+
+    active = 0
+    peak = 0
+
+    async def slow_filter(proofs, wallet):  # type: ignore[no-untyped-def]
+        nonlocal active, peak
+        active += 1
+        peak = max(peak, active)
+        await asyncio.sleep(0.01)
+        active -= 1
+        return proofs
+
+    with (
+        patch.object(
+            settings,
+            "cashu_mints",
+            [f"http://mint-{index}:3338" for index in range(8)],
+        ),
+        patch.object(settings, "primary_mint", ""),
+        patch.object(settings, "mint_operation_concurrency", 2),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.db.create_session", _fake_session),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.db.balances_by_mint_and_unit",
+            AsyncMock(return_value={}),
+        ),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.get_wallet", AsyncMock(return_value=MagicMock())),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.get_proofs_per_mint_and_unit",
+            MagicMock(return_value=[]),
+        ),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.slow_filter_spend_proofs",
+            AsyncMock(side_effect=slow_filter),
+        ),
+    ):
+        details, *_ = await fetch_all_balances(units=["sat"])
+
+    assert len(details) == 8
+    assert peak == 2
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_slow_mints_do_not_exhaust_a_single_connection_pool(
+    tmp_path: Path,
+) -> None:
+    """Concurrent slow balance refreshes release the sole DB connection promptly."""
+    from routstr.core.settings import settings
+
+    engine = create_async_engine(
+        f"sqlite+aiosqlite:///{tmp_path / 'pool-pressure.db'}",
+        pool_size=1,
+        max_overflow=0,
+        pool_timeout=0.2,
+    )
+    async with engine.begin() as connection:
+        await connection.run_sync(SQLModel.metadata.create_all)
+
+    @asynccontextmanager
+    async def single_pool_session() -> AsyncGenerator[AsyncSession, None]:
+        async with AsyncSession(engine, expire_on_commit=False) as session:
+            yield session
+
+    async def slow_filter(proofs, wallet):  # type: ignore[no-untyped-def]
+        await asyncio.sleep(0.3)
+        return proofs
+
+    try:
+        with (
+            patch.object(settings, "cashu_mints", ["http://slow:3338"]),
+            patch.object(settings, "primary_mint", "http://slow:3338"),
+            patch.object(settings, "mint_operation_concurrency", 1),
+            patch("routstr.wallet.db.create_session", single_pool_session),
+            patch("routstr.wallet.get_wallet", AsyncMock(return_value=MagicMock())),
+            patch(
+                "routstr.wallet.get_proofs_per_mint_and_unit",
+                MagicMock(return_value=[]),
+            ),
+            patch(
+                "routstr.wallet.slow_filter_spend_proofs",
+                AsyncMock(side_effect=slow_filter),
+            ),
+        ):
+            results = await asyncio.gather(
+                *(fetch_all_balances(units=["sat"]) for _ in range(6))
+            )
+
+        assert all("error" not in result[0][0] for result in results)
+        assert engine.pool.checkedout() == 0  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    finally:
+        await engine.dispose()
+
+
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_fetch_all_balances_reports_liability_when_wallet_is_empty() -> None:
     """An empty wallet must not hide outstanding user liabilities."""
     from routstr.core.settings import settings
 
-    with patch.object(settings, "cashu_mints", []), patch.object(
-        settings, "primary_mint", "http://primary:3338"
+    with (
+        patch.object(settings, "cashu_mints", []),
+        patch.object(settings, "primary_mint", "http://primary:3338"),
     ):
         for p in _patches(proof_amount=0, user_balance_msats=5000):
             p.start()
@@ -84,9 +239,10 @@ async def test_fetch_all_balances_no_duplicate_primary_mint() -> None:
     """primary_mint already in cashu_mints is not inspected twice."""
     from routstr.core.settings import settings
 
-    with patch.object(
-        settings, "cashu_mints", ["http://primary:3338"]
-    ), patch.object(settings, "primary_mint", "http://primary:3338"):
+    with (
+        patch.object(settings, "cashu_mints", ["http://primary:3338"]),
+        patch.object(settings, "primary_mint", "http://primary:3338"),
+    ):
         for p in _patches(proof_amount=1000):
             p.start()
         try:
@@ -98,3 +254,58 @@ async def test_fetch_all_balances_no_duplicate_primary_mint() -> None:
 
     assert [d["mint_url"] for d in details] == ["http://primary:3338"]
     assert total_wallet == 1000
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_fetch_all_balances_degrades_when_liability_read_fails() -> None:
+    from routstr.core.settings import settings
+
+    with (
+        patch.object(settings, "cashu_mints", []),
+        patch.object(settings, "primary_mint", "http://primary:3338"),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.db.create_session", _fake_session),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.db.balances_by_mint_and_unit",
+            AsyncMock(side_effect=RuntimeError("db pool exhausted")),
+        ),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.get_wallet", AsyncMock(return_value=MagicMock())),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.get_proofs_per_mint_and_unit",
+            MagicMock(return_value=[MagicMock(amount=1000)]),
+        ),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.slow_filter_spend_proofs",
+            AsyncMock(side_effect=lambda proofs, wallet: proofs),
+        ),
+    ):
+        details, total_wallet, total_user, owner = await fetch_all_balances(
+            units=["sat"]
+        )
+
+    assert details[0]["error"] == "db pool exhausted"
+    assert details[0]["wallet_balance"] == 1000
+    assert details[0]["user_balance"] == 0
+    assert details[0]["owner_balance"] == 0
+    assert (total_wallet, total_user, owner) == (1000, 0, 0)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_liability_error_keeps_more_specific_mint_error() -> None:
+    from routstr.core.settings import settings
+
+    with (
+        patch.object(settings, "cashu_mints", []),
+        patch.object(settings, "primary_mint", "http://primary:3338"),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.db.create_session", _fake_session),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.db.balances_by_mint_and_unit",
+            AsyncMock(side_effect=RuntimeError("db pool exhausted")),
+        ),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.get_wallet",
+            AsyncMock(side_effect=RuntimeError("mint down")),
+        ),
+    ):
+        details, *_ = await fetch_all_balances(units=["sat"])
+
+    assert details[0]["error"] == "mint down"

tests/unit/test_periodic_payout.py

@@ -59,23 +59,29 @@ async def test_periodic_payout_includes_primary_mint_not_in_cashu_mints() -> Non
     get_wallet = AsyncMock(return_value=MagicMock())
     raw_send = AsyncMock(return_value=1000)
 
-    with patch.object(settings, "cashu_mints", []), patch.object(
-        settings, "primary_mint", "http://primary:3338"
-    ), patch.object(settings, "receive_ln_address", "owner@ln.tld"), patch.object(
-        settings, "payout_interval_seconds", _INTERVAL
-    ), patch.object(settings, "min_payout_sat", 10), patch(
-        "routstr.wallet.asyncio.sleep", _one_cycle_sleep()
-    ), patch("routstr.wallet.db.create_session", _fake_session), patch(
-        "routstr.wallet.get_wallet", get_wallet
-    ), patch(
-        "routstr.wallet.get_proofs_per_mint_and_unit",
-        MagicMock(return_value=[MagicMock(amount=100_000)]),
-    ), patch(
-        "routstr.wallet.slow_filter_spend_proofs",
-        AsyncMock(side_effect=lambda proofs, wallet: proofs),
-    ), patch(
-        "routstr.wallet.db.balances_for_mint_and_unit", AsyncMock(return_value=0)
-    ), patch("routstr.wallet.raw_send_to_lnurl", raw_send):
+    with (
+        patch.object(settings, "cashu_mints", []),
+        patch.object(settings, "primary_mint", "http://primary:3338"),
+        patch.object(settings, "receive_ln_address", "owner@ln.tld"),
+        patch.object(settings, "payout_interval_seconds", _INTERVAL),
+        patch.object(settings, "min_payout_sat", 10),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.asyncio.sleep", _one_cycle_sleep()),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.db.create_session", _fake_session),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.get_wallet", get_wallet),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.get_proofs_per_mint_and_unit",
+            MagicMock(return_value=[MagicMock(amount=100_000)]),
+        ),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.slow_filter_spend_proofs",
+            AsyncMock(side_effect=lambda proofs, wallet: proofs),
+        ),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.db.total_user_liability",
+            AsyncMock(return_value=0),
+        ),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.raw_send_to_lnurl", raw_send),
+    ):
         with pytest.raises(_LoopBreak):
             await periodic_payout()
 
@@ -84,6 +90,58 @@ async def test_periodic_payout_includes_primary_mint_not_in_cashu_mints() -> Non
     assert raw_send.await_count >= 1
 
 
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_periodic_payout_releases_session_before_slow_mint_send() -> None:
+    """The DB connection is returned before the external LNURL call starts."""
+    from routstr.core.settings import settings
+
+    session_open = False
+    sends_completed = 0
+
+    @asynccontextmanager
+    async def tracked_session():  # type: ignore[no-untyped-def]
+        nonlocal session_open
+        session_open = True
+        try:
+            yield MagicMock()
+        finally:
+            session_open = False
+
+    async def raw_send(*args: object, **kwargs: object) -> int:
+        nonlocal sends_completed
+        assert session_open is False
+        sends_completed += 1
+        return 1000
+
+    with (
+        patch.object(settings, "cashu_mints", []),
+        patch.object(settings, "primary_mint", "http://primary:3338"),
+        patch.object(settings, "receive_ln_address", "owner@ln.tld"),
+        patch.object(settings, "payout_interval_seconds", _INTERVAL),
+        patch.object(settings, "min_payout_sat", 10),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.asyncio.sleep", _one_cycle_sleep()),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.db.create_session", tracked_session),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.get_wallet", AsyncMock(return_value=MagicMock())),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.get_proofs_per_mint_and_unit",
+            MagicMock(return_value=[MagicMock(amount=100_000)]),
+        ),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.slow_filter_spend_proofs",
+            AsyncMock(side_effect=lambda proofs, wallet: proofs),
+        ),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.db.total_user_liability",
+            AsyncMock(return_value=0),
+        ),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.raw_send_to_lnurl", AsyncMock(side_effect=raw_send)),
+    ):
+        with pytest.raises(_LoopBreak):
+            await periodic_payout()
+
+    assert sends_completed == 2
+
+
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_periodic_payout_isolates_failing_mint() -> None:
     """A failing mint does not prevent payout for the other mints."""
@@ -97,23 +155,29 @@ async def test_periodic_payout_isolates_failing_mint() -> None:
     get_wallet = AsyncMock(side_effect=_get_wallet)
     raw_send = AsyncMock(return_value=1000)
 
-    with patch.object(
-        settings, "cashu_mints", ["http://bad:3338", "http://good:3338"]
-    ), patch.object(settings, "primary_mint", "http://good:3338"), patch.object(
-        settings, "receive_ln_address", "owner@ln.tld"
-    ), patch.object(settings, "payout_interval_seconds", _INTERVAL), patch.object(
-        settings, "min_payout_sat", 10
-    ), patch("routstr.wallet.asyncio.sleep", _one_cycle_sleep()), patch(
-        "routstr.wallet.db.create_session", _fake_session
-    ), patch("routstr.wallet.get_wallet", get_wallet), patch(
-        "routstr.wallet.get_proofs_per_mint_and_unit",
-        MagicMock(return_value=[MagicMock(amount=100_000)]),
-    ), patch(
-        "routstr.wallet.slow_filter_spend_proofs",
-        AsyncMock(side_effect=lambda proofs, wallet: proofs),
-    ), patch(
-        "routstr.wallet.db.balances_for_mint_and_unit", AsyncMock(return_value=0)
-    ), patch("routstr.wallet.raw_send_to_lnurl", raw_send):
+    with (
+        patch.object(settings, "cashu_mints", ["http://bad:3338", "http://good:3338"]),
+        patch.object(settings, "primary_mint", "http://good:3338"),
+        patch.object(settings, "receive_ln_address", "owner@ln.tld"),
+        patch.object(settings, "payout_interval_seconds", _INTERVAL),
+        patch.object(settings, "min_payout_sat", 10),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.asyncio.sleep", _one_cycle_sleep()),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.db.create_session", _fake_session),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.get_wallet", get_wallet),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.get_proofs_per_mint_and_unit",
+            MagicMock(return_value=[MagicMock(amount=100_000)]),
+        ),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.slow_filter_spend_proofs",
+            AsyncMock(side_effect=lambda proofs, wallet: proofs),
+        ),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.db.total_user_liability",
+            AsyncMock(return_value=0),
+        ),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.raw_send_to_lnurl", raw_send),
+    ):
         with pytest.raises(_LoopBreak):
             await periodic_payout()
 
@@ -128,27 +192,39 @@ async def test_periodic_payout_isolates_failing_mint() -> None:
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_periodic_payout_handles_session_creation_failure() -> None:
-    """A db.create_session failure is logged and the payout loop continues."""
+    """A db.create_session failure is logged per mint/unit and the loop continues."""
     from routstr.core.settings import settings
 
     create_session = MagicMock(side_effect=RuntimeError("db unavailable"))
     logger = MagicMock()
 
-    with patch.object(settings, "cashu_mints", ["http://mint:3338"]), patch.object(
-        settings, "primary_mint", "http://mint:3338"
-    ), patch.object(settings, "receive_ln_address", "owner@ln.tld"), patch.object(
-        settings, "payout_interval_seconds", _INTERVAL
-    ), patch(
-        "routstr.wallet.asyncio.sleep", _one_cycle_sleep()
-    ), patch(
-        "routstr.wallet.db.create_session", create_session
-    ), patch("routstr.wallet.logger", logger):
+    with (
+        patch.object(settings, "cashu_mints", ["http://mint:3338"]),
+        patch.object(settings, "primary_mint", "http://mint:3338"),
+        patch.object(settings, "receive_ln_address", "owner@ln.tld"),
+        patch.object(settings, "payout_interval_seconds", _INTERVAL),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.asyncio.sleep", _one_cycle_sleep()),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.db.create_session", create_session),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.get_wallet", AsyncMock(return_value=MagicMock())),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.get_proofs_per_mint_and_unit",
+            MagicMock(return_value=[MagicMock(amount=100_000)]),
+        ),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.slow_filter_spend_proofs",
+            AsyncMock(side_effect=lambda proofs, wallet: proofs),
+        ),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.logger", logger),
+    ):
         with pytest.raises(_LoopBreak):
             await periodic_payout()
 
-    create_session.assert_called_once()
-    logger.error.assert_called_once()
+    # The liability session is opened per mint/unit (sat + msat), and each
+    # DB failure retains the cycle-specific alert wording while remaining
+    # isolated to its own iteration.
+    assert create_session.call_count == 2
+    assert logger.error.call_count == 2
     message = logger.error.call_args.args[0]
     extra = logger.error.call_args.kwargs["extra"]
     assert message == "Error in periodic payout cycle: RuntimeError"
-    assert extra == {"error": "db unavailable"}
+    assert extra["error"] == "db unavailable"

tests/unit/test_proxy_session_lifecycle.py

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+from collections.abc import AsyncIterator
+from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock, patch
+
+import pytest
+from fastapi.responses import StreamingResponse
+
+from routstr import proxy as proxy_module
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_proxy_closes_request_session_before_returning_response() -> None:
+    """Route completion must release DB resources before response delivery."""
+    request = MagicMock()
+    request.method = "GET"
+    request.headers = {"accept": "application/json"}
+    request.url.path = "/not-an-api-route"
+    request.state.request_id = "test-request"
+    session = AsyncMock()
+
+    response = await proxy_module.proxy(request, "not-an-api-route", session=session)
+
+    assert response.status_code == 404
+    session.close.assert_awaited_once()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_proxy_session_is_closed_before_first_stream_chunk() -> None:
+    request = MagicMock()
+    session = AsyncMock()
+
+    async def stream() -> AsyncIterator[bytes]:
+        session.close.assert_awaited_once()
+        yield b"chunk"
+
+    upstream_response = StreamingResponse(stream())
+    with patch("routstr.proxy._proxy", AsyncMock(return_value=upstream_response)):
+        response = await proxy_module.proxy(
+            request, "v1/chat/completions", session=session
+        )
+
+    assert isinstance(response, StreamingResponse)
+    chunks = [chunk async for chunk in response.body_iterator]
+    assert chunks == [b"chunk"]

tests/unit/test_refund_sweep.py

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
+import asyncio
 from collections.abc import AsyncIterator
+from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
 from pathlib import Path
 from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, patch
 
@@ -7,6 +9,7 @@ from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import async_sessionmaker, create_async_engine
 from sqlmodel import SQLModel, select
 from sqlmodel.ext.asyncio.session import AsyncSession
 
+from routstr import wallet
 from routstr.core.db import CashuTransaction
 from routstr.wallet import refund_sweep_once
 
@@ -39,6 +42,43 @@ async def _load(
         return {row.token: row for row in result.all()}
 
 
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_refund_sweep_releases_db_session_during_token_redemption(
+    session_factory: async_sessionmaker[AsyncSession],
+) -> None:
+    await _insert(
+        session_factory,
+        CashuTransaction(
+            token="eligible", amount=1, unit="sat", type="out", created_at=800
+        ),
+    )
+    session_open = False
+
+    @asynccontextmanager
+    async def tracked_session() -> AsyncIterator[AsyncSession]:
+        nonlocal session_open
+        async with session_factory() as session:
+            session_open = True
+            try:
+                yield session
+            finally:
+                session_open = False
+
+    async def receive_token(token: str) -> None:
+        assert token == "eligible"
+        assert session_open is False
+
+    with (
+        patch("routstr.wallet.db.create_session", tracked_session),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.settings.refund_sweep_ttl_seconds", 100),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.time.time", return_value=1000),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.recieve_token", AsyncMock(side_effect=receive_token)),
+    ):
+        await refund_sweep_once()
+
+    assert (await _load(session_factory))["eligible"].swept is True
+
+
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_refund_sweep_only_processes_expired_eligible_outgoing_tokens(
     session_factory: async_sessionmaker[AsyncSession],
@@ -90,14 +130,17 @@ async def test_refund_sweep_only_processes_expired_eligible_outgoing_tokens(
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    ("error", "collected"),
+    ("error", "collected", "claim_started_at"),
     [
-        (RuntimeError("token already spent"), True),
-        (RuntimeError("mint unavailable"), False),
+        (RuntimeError("token already spent"), True, None),
+        (RuntimeError("mint unavailable"), False, 1000),
     ],
 )
-async def test_refund_sweep_records_terminal_but_not_transient_failures(
-    session_factory: async_sessionmaker[AsyncSession], error: Exception, collected: bool
+async def test_refund_sweep_records_spent_and_unknown_outcomes_safely(
+    session_factory: async_sessionmaker[AsyncSession],
+    error: Exception,
+    collected: bool,
+    claim_started_at: int | None,
 ) -> None:
     await _insert(
         session_factory,
@@ -116,3 +159,236 @@ async def test_refund_sweep_records_terminal_but_not_transient_failures(
     refund = (await _load(session_factory))["refund"]
     assert refund.collected is collected
     assert refund.swept is False
+    assert refund.sweep_started_at == claim_started_at
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_post_spend_failure_retains_claim_and_stale_retry_records_sweep(
+    session_factory: async_sessionmaker[AsyncSession],
+) -> None:
+    await _insert(
+        session_factory,
+        CashuTransaction(
+            token="post-spend-failure",
+            amount=1,
+            unit="sat",
+            type="out",
+            created_at=800,
+        ),
+    )
+    with (
+        patch("routstr.wallet.db.create_session", side_effect=session_factory),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.settings.refund_sweep_ttl_seconds", 100),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.settings.refund_sweep_claim_timeout_seconds", 200),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.time.time", return_value=1000),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.recieve_token",
+            AsyncMock(
+                side_effect=wallet.TokenConsumedError(
+                    "Mint on primary failed after successful melt"
+                )
+            ),
+        ),
+    ):
+        await refund_sweep_once()
+
+    retained = (await _load(session_factory))["post-spend-failure"]
+    assert retained.swept is False
+    assert retained.collected is False
+    assert retained.sweep_started_at == 1000
+
+    with (
+        patch("routstr.wallet.db.create_session", side_effect=session_factory),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.settings.refund_sweep_ttl_seconds", 100),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.settings.refund_sweep_claim_timeout_seconds", 200),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.time.time", return_value=1300),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.recieve_token",
+            AsyncMock(side_effect=RuntimeError("token already spent")),
+        ),
+    ):
+        await refund_sweep_once()
+
+    recovered = (await _load(session_factory))["post-spend-failure"]
+    assert recovered.swept is True
+    assert recovered.collected is False
+    assert recovered.sweep_started_at is None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_refund_sweep_retains_claim_on_cancellation_during_redemption(
+    session_factory: async_sessionmaker[AsyncSession],
+) -> None:
+    await _insert(
+        session_factory,
+        CashuTransaction(
+            token="cancelled", amount=1, unit="sat", type="out", created_at=800
+        ),
+    )
+    with (
+        patch("routstr.wallet.db.create_session", side_effect=session_factory),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.settings.refund_sweep_ttl_seconds", 100),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.time.time", return_value=1000),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.recieve_token",
+            AsyncMock(side_effect=asyncio.CancelledError()),
+        ),
+    ):
+        with pytest.raises(asyncio.CancelledError):
+            await refund_sweep_once()
+
+    refund = (await _load(session_factory))["cancelled"]
+    assert refund.swept is False
+    assert refund.sweep_started_at == 1000
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_checkpoint_failure_retains_claim_and_stale_retry_records_sweep(
+    session_factory: async_sessionmaker[AsyncSession],
+) -> None:
+    await _insert(
+        session_factory,
+        CashuTransaction(
+            token="checkpoint-failure",
+            amount=1,
+            unit="sat",
+            type="out",
+            created_at=800,
+        ),
+    )
+    real_set_state = wallet._set_refund_sweep_state
+
+    async def fail_swept_checkpoint(
+        refund_id: str,
+        *,
+        predicates: tuple[object, ...] = (),
+        **values: object,
+    ) -> int:
+        if values.get("swept") is True:
+            raise RuntimeError("checkpoint unavailable")
+        return await real_set_state(refund_id, predicates=predicates, **values)
+
+    with (
+        patch("routstr.wallet.db.create_session", side_effect=session_factory),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.settings.refund_sweep_ttl_seconds", 100),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.settings.refund_sweep_claim_timeout_seconds", 200),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.time.time", return_value=1000),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.recieve_token", AsyncMock(return_value=(1, "sat", "mint"))
+        ),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet._set_refund_sweep_state",
+            side_effect=fail_swept_checkpoint,
+        ),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.logger.critical") as critical,
+    ):
+        await refund_sweep_once()
+
+    retained = (await _load(session_factory))["checkpoint-failure"]
+    assert retained.swept is False
+    assert retained.collected is False
+    assert retained.sweep_started_at == 1000
+    critical.assert_called_once()
+
+    with (
+        patch("routstr.wallet.db.create_session", side_effect=session_factory),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.settings.refund_sweep_ttl_seconds", 100),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.settings.refund_sweep_claim_timeout_seconds", 200),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.time.time", return_value=1300),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.recieve_token",
+            AsyncMock(side_effect=RuntimeError("token already spent")),
+        ),
+    ):
+        await refund_sweep_once()
+
+    recovered = (await _load(session_factory))["checkpoint-failure"]
+    assert recovered.swept is True
+    assert recovered.collected is False
+    assert recovered.sweep_started_at is None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("redemption_succeeds", [True, False])
+async def test_expired_worker_cannot_overwrite_or_release_newer_claim(
+    session_factory: async_sessionmaker[AsyncSession],
+    redemption_succeeds: bool,
+) -> None:
+    await _insert(
+        session_factory,
+        CashuTransaction(
+            token="reclaimed",
+            amount=1,
+            unit="sat",
+            type="out",
+            created_at=800,
+        ),
+    )
+
+    async def replace_claim(_token: str) -> tuple[int, str, str]:
+        async with session_factory() as session:
+            result = await session.exec(
+                select(CashuTransaction).where(CashuTransaction.token == "reclaimed")
+            )
+            transaction = result.one()
+            transaction.sweep_started_at = 1100
+            session.add(transaction)
+            await session.commit()
+        if not redemption_succeeds:
+            raise RuntimeError("mint unavailable")
+        return (1, "sat", "mint")
+
+    with (
+        patch("routstr.wallet.db.create_session", side_effect=session_factory),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.settings.refund_sweep_ttl_seconds", 100),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.time.time", return_value=1000),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.recieve_token", AsyncMock(side_effect=replace_claim)),
+    ):
+        await refund_sweep_once()
+
+    reclaimed = (await _load(session_factory))["reclaimed"]
+    assert reclaimed.swept is False
+    assert reclaimed.collected is False
+    assert reclaimed.sweep_started_at == 1100
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_refund_sweep_recovers_stale_claim_without_misreporting_collection(
+    session_factory: async_sessionmaker[AsyncSession],
+) -> None:
+    await _insert(
+        session_factory,
+        CashuTransaction(
+            token="stale",
+            amount=1,
+            unit="sat",
+            type="out",
+            created_at=800,
+            sweep_started_at=100,
+        ),
+        CashuTransaction(
+            token="active",
+            amount=1,
+            unit="sat",
+            type="out",
+            created_at=800,
+            sweep_started_at=950,
+        ),
+    )
+    receive = AsyncMock(side_effect=RuntimeError("token already spent"))
+    with (
+        patch("routstr.wallet.db.create_session", side_effect=session_factory),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.settings.refund_sweep_ttl_seconds", 100),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.settings.refund_sweep_claim_timeout_seconds", 200),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.time.time", return_value=1000),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.recieve_token", receive),
+    ):
+        await refund_sweep_once()
+
+    receive.assert_awaited_once_with("stale")
+    loaded = await _load(session_factory)
+    assert loaded["stale"].swept is True
+    assert loaded["stale"].collected is False
+    assert loaded["stale"].sweep_started_at is None
+    assert loaded["active"].swept is False
+    assert loaded["active"].sweep_started_at == 950

tests/unit/test_settings.py

@@ -62,6 +62,101 @@ def test_payout_settings_have_sensible_defaults() -> None:
     assert s.payout_interval_seconds == 900
 
 
+def test_database_pool_defaults_provide_concurrency_headroom() -> None:
+    s = Settings()
+    assert s.database_pool_size == 10
+    assert s.database_max_overflow == 20
+    assert s.database_pool_timeout == 15.0
+    assert s.database_pool_recycle == 1800
+    assert s.database_pool_pre_ping is False
+    assert s.database_pool_hold_warn_seconds == 10.0
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("field", "bad_value"),
+    [
+        ("database_pool_size", 0),
+        ("database_max_overflow", -1),
+        ("database_pool_timeout", 0),
+        ("database_pool_recycle", -1),
+        ("database_pool_hold_warn_seconds", 0),
+    ],
+)
+def test_database_pool_settings_reject_invalid_values(
+    field: str, bad_value: int
+) -> None:
+    with pytest.raises(ValidationError):
+        Settings.parse_obj({field: bad_value})
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_database_pool_fields_are_env_only_not_persisted(
+    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,
+) -> None:
+    """DB pool sizing is infrastructure the node needs *before* it can read the
+    DB, so it can never be configured from the DB — it must never be written to
+    the settings blob, and a stale/injected DB value must never shadow env.
+    """
+    monkeypatch.setenv("DATABASE_POOL_SIZE", "7")
+
+    engine = create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite:///:memory:")
+    async with AsyncSession(engine, expire_on_commit=False) as session:
+        s = await SettingsService.initialize(session)
+
+        # The env value is live for runtime consumers...
+        assert s.database_pool_size == 7
+        # ...but pool sizing is never written to the settings blob.
+        blob = await _read_settings_blob(session)
+        for field in (
+            "database_pool_size",
+            "database_max_overflow",
+            "database_pool_timeout",
+            "database_pool_recycle",
+            "database_pool_pre_ping",
+            "database_pool_hold_warn_seconds",
+        ):
+            assert field not in blob
+
+        # Even a stale blob that somehow carries a pool value must not win: env
+        # stays authoritative on the next initialize.
+        await session.exec(  # type: ignore
+            text("UPDATE settings SET data = :d WHERE id = 1").bindparams(
+                d=json.dumps({"database_pool_size": 99})
+            )
+        )
+        await session.commit()
+        again = await SettingsService.initialize(session)
+        assert again.database_pool_size == 7
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_update_does_not_apply_env_only_fields_to_live_settings(
+    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,
+) -> None:
+    """DB pool sizing is env-only: a settings update must neither persist it nor
+    mutate the live value. The engine pool is already built at boot from env, so
+    a UI/API update carrying a pool value must not make the live setting diverge
+    from the running pool.
+    """
+    monkeypatch.delenv("DATABASE_POOL_SIZE", raising=False)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(settings, "database_pool_size", 10)
+
+    engine = create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite:///:memory:")
+    async with AsyncSession(engine, expire_on_commit=False) as session:
+        await SettingsService.initialize(session)
+        await SettingsService.update(
+            {"database_pool_size": 99, "name": "PoolTweaker"}, session
+        )
+
+        # A non-env-only field still updates normally...
+        assert settings.name == "PoolTweaker"
+        # ...but the env-only pool size stays at the boot value.
+        assert settings.database_pool_size == 10
+        # ...and it is never written to the settings blob.
+        blob = await _read_settings_blob(session)
+        assert "database_pool_size" not in blob
+
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "field,bad_value",
     [