feat(peer): a peer with a session is never dialled; a handshake creates no path state

Three ways an address for a peer we already hold a session with used
to reach the dialler — a beacon on a new transport, `update_peers` or
`fipsctl connect`, a configured address whose transport came up later
— and each was a second handshake, which the far side read as a rekey
and this side resolved as a cross-connection, the two not composing.
Two phones hearing the same Wi-Fi return at the same moment both
dialled at once; one side swapped to its outbound session and freed
the index it had just handed out in the rekey reply, the other kept
its inbound session and the pre-rekey index, every frame between them
was dropped, and the link-dead reap tore the peer down. About a
minute dark on every Wi-Fi return.

A peer that holds a session is never dialled now. An address on a
transport it has no path over becomes a path candidate under that
session; one on a transport whose path is not eligible re-points that
path (the active path included: it is not answering, that is why we
are here); one on a transport whose path is carrying acknowledged
traffic changes nothing. The heartbeat tick probes the candidate under
the existing session — one authenticated, replay-checked round trip —
and the mandatory switch takes it if the current path stops answering.
Nothing is lost against the dial: a session that is truly gone answers
no probe either, is reaped by the link-dead timeout, and is dialled
then; a peer that restarted dials us with a new epoch and wins
promotion outright, as before. Applies to the control API's connect,
to update_peers, to configured addresses (checked once a tick) and to
transport discovery alike.

The counterpart: a handshake creates no path state. A dial that does
reach a peer with a session — a startup that lists two addresses
dials both, a caller that still dials by hand, an older node dialling
us — is classified and resolved exactly as before this work: rekey,
duplicate or restart on the responder, whichever transport the msg1
arrived on; the cross-connection tie-break on the initiator. The
address it ran to is left as a candidate for the probe exchange. Two
reasons. Both ends must resolve a handshake on the same information,
and "is this a new transport to a live peer" was a fact only one end
could see. And the IK responder commits at msg1, which carries no
freshness beyond the startup epoch: a captured msg1 replayed from any
address would otherwise have planted a path, probed full-size for the
life of the peering and counting as a transport the peer is on for the
decrypt-failure gate. So that gate now counts garbage only on the
active path or one the peer has acknowledged. On a connection-oriented
transport the connection a dial opened is kept as the candidate's
socket rather than closed as the losing leg: the probe rides it, and
closing it would only have the first probe dial again — or, at the
responder, find an ephemeral port that cannot be dialled at all.
`api_disconnect` closes every path's connection, the standby's
included; loopback records the closes it is asked for so a test can
say so.

Path heartbeats are gated and bounded. A peer with one live path is
not path-heartbeated: selection has nothing to move to, the link
heartbeat keeps liveness, and five probes a second on every single-path
link was cost without a decision behind it. A standby the peer never
acknowledges is given up after eight discovery probes, Dead and pruned
after the grace; the active path is never given up. The active path's
first probe is small, the handshake having proved it and seeded its
MTU. And a Dead path is probed again when its transport returns:
nothing on our side ever re-probed one, so after a NIC replug traffic
stayed on the standby until the grace pruned the path and a beacon
found it with no history. The presence edge now revives every Dead
path on the transport as Probing, RTT window and ETX kept.

Smaller: `add_path_candidate` re-points a known transport's path at a
moved address (`refresh_path_addr`), for a Wi-Fi Aware data path that
re-forms with a new link-local; `api_disconnect` closes every path's
connection, not the active one alone; `path_show` is built from the
`show_peers` path projection plus the three now-relative fields;
`PathState` and `TransportRole` render through `as_str()`;
`node.path.switch_margin` is validated finite and at least 1.0;
`PathPolicy::PERMISSIVE` had no users; four doc comments an inserted
function had split are put back on the function they describe.

The dual-udp-flap scenario is config-driven: the dial owner lists
udp/main and udp/<veth>, both dial at startup, and the second is
proven as a path under the first's session by the probe exchange.

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -44,6 +44,23 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
   a path tells the peer with a `PathClose` on a surviving path, so the
   peer moves at once rather than after its own timeout.
 
+- Connect semantics, for multi-path. A peer that holds a session is never
+  dialled again: an address for it on a transport it has no path over —
+  from a beacon, `update_peers`, `fipsctl connect`, a runtime peer lane,
+  or a configured address whose transport came up later — becomes a
+  candidate path, probed under the session by the next heartbeat tick;
+  one on a transport whose path has stopped answering re-points that
+  path; one on a transport whose path carries acknowledged traffic changes
+  nothing. A handshake never creates path state: a second handshake to a
+  peer with a session (two configured addresses dialled at startup)
+  resolves as it always did — rekey, duplicate or cross-connection
+  tie-break, whichever transport it ran over — and the address it ran to
+  is left as a candidate for the probe exchange. A standby the peer never
+  answers on is given up after eight probes, and until it is answered it
+  does not count as a transport the peer is on for the decrypt-failure
+  gate. On a connection-oriented transport the connection a dial opened
+  is kept as the candidate's socket rather than closed.
+
 - Operator surface, for multi-path: `role: backup` on any transport (never
   carries a peer's traffic while a normal path is eligible);
   `fipsctl path show|pin|unpin` and the `path_show`, `path_pin`,

docs/reference/control-socket.md

@@ -116,7 +116,8 @@ table below lists every command currently registered.
 | ------- | ------ | ----------------------------- |
 | `show_status` | — | `version`, `npub`, `node_addr`, `ipv6_addr`, `state`, `is_leaf_only`, `is_root` (bool — this node is the spanning-tree root), `root` (hex node-addr of the current tree root), `persistent` (bool — identity is persisted, i.e. `persistent` set or an `nsec` configured), `peer_count`, `session_count`, `link_count`, `transport_count`, `connection_count`, `transport_peer_counts` (object mapping transport-type name to its connected-peer count; configured transports appear with `0`), `tun_state`, `tun_name`, `effective_ipv6_mtu`, `control_socket`, `pid`, `exe_path`, `uptime_secs`, `estimated_mesh_size`, `forwarding`, `sparklines`. |
 | `show_acl` | — | `allow_file`, `deny_file`, `enforcement_active`, `effective_mode`, `default_decision`, `allow_all`, `deny_all`, `allow_file_entries`, `deny_file_entries`, `allow_entries`, `deny_entries`. |
-| `show_peers` | — | `peers[]` — per-peer object: `node_addr`, `npub`, `display_name`, `ipv6_addr`, `connectivity`, `link_id`, `direction`, `transport_addr`, `transport_type`, `is_parent`, `is_child`, `tree_depth`, `effective_depth` (`tree_depth + link_cost` — the metric `evaluate_parent` ranks on; `null` when the peer has no coords, or is unmeasured while another peer has an SRTT sample, per the cold-start gate), `stats`, `noise`, `current_k_bit`, `mmp`, `paths[]` (every path to the peer: `transport_id`, `transport`, `transport_type`, `addr`, `state`, `active`, `remote_active`, `role`, `pinned`, `last_rtt_ms`, `min_rtt_ms`, `rtt_samples`, `etx`, `score` — the `path_show` fields minus the now-relative ages), plus optional `nostr_traversal`, `rekey_in_progress`, `rekey_draining`. |
+| `show_peers` | — | `peers[]` — per-peer object: `node_addr`, `npub`, `display_name`, `ipv6_addr`, `connectivity`, `link_id`, `direction`, `transport_addr`, `transport_type`, `is_parent`, `is_child`, `tree_depth`, `effective_depth` (`tree_depth + link_cost` — the metric `evaluate_parent` ranks on; `null` when the peer has no coords, or is unmeasured while another peer has an SRTT sample, per the cold-start gate), `stats`, `noise`, `current_k_bit`, `mmp`, `paths[]` (every path to the peer: `transport_id`, `transport` (instance name or null), `transport_type`, `addr`, `state` (`probing` / `live` / `suspect` / `dead`), `active`, `remote_active`, `role` (`normal` / `backup`), `pinned`, `last_rtt_ms`, `min_rtt_ms`, `rtt_samples`, `etx`, `score`), plus optional `nostr_traversal`, `rekey_in_progress`, `rekey_draining`. |
+| `path_show` | `npub` (bech32) | Every path to one peer. `data`: `peer`, `link_cost`, `link_cost_held`, and `paths[]` — the `show_peers` per-path object plus `rx_live_ms_ago`, `tx_live_ms_ago` (ms since the last authentic frame heard there / the last ack proving the peer hears us there; `null` if never) and `acked_once`. Takes a parameter, so it is served on the daemon's main task like the mutating commands, not from the snapshot. |
 | `show_links` | — | `links[]` — `link_id`, `transport_id`, `remote_addr`, `direction`, `state`, `created_at_ms`, `stats`. |
 | `show_tree` | — | `my_node_addr`, `root`, `root_npub` (bech32 npub of the current tree root), `is_root`, `depth`, `my_coords[]`, `parent`, `parent_display_name`, `declaration_sequence`, `declaration_signed`, `peer_tree_count`, `peers[]`, `stats`. |
 | `show_sessions` | — | `sessions[]` — `remote_addr`, `npub`, `display_name`, `state` (`established`, `initiating`, `awaiting_msg3`, `unknown`), `is_initiator`, `last_activity_ms`, `stats`, optional `mmp`, `current_k_bit`, `is_draining`. |
@@ -173,17 +174,24 @@ not reproduced here to avoid duplicating the source.
 | `probe_start` | `npub` (bech32) | Admits a diagnostic probe job and returns immediately. `data`: `probe_id`, `npub`, `node_addr`, `display_name`, `budget_ms`. |
 | `probe_poll` | `probe_id` (integer) | Reports a probe's progress. `data`: `state` (`running` / `done`) and `report`. A terminal job is removed on the poll that observes it, so the report is delivered once. |
 | `probe_cancel` | `probe_id` (integer) | Runs the probe's terminal actions immediately, without the teardown grace tick. |
-| `path_show` | `npub` (bech32) | Every path to the peer. `data`: `peer`, `link_cost`, `link_cost_held`, and `paths[]` with `transport_id`, `transport` (instance name or null), `addr`, `state`, `active`, `remote_active`, `role`, `pinned`, `rx_live_ms_ago`, `tx_live_ms_ago`, `acked_once`, `last_rtt_ms`, `min_rtt_ms`, `rtt_samples`, `etx`, `score`. |
+| `path_pin` | `npub` (bech32), `transport` (instance name or numeric id) | Pins this node's traffic to the peer to that transport's path. Applies on the next selection tick, and is suspended while that path is not eligible and re-applied when it is again. `data`: `{"pinned": <transport_id>}`. Error if the peer has no path there. |
-| `path_pin` | `npub` (bech32), `transport` (instance name or numeric id) | Pins this node's traffic to the peer to that transport's path. Applies on the next selection tick. Error if the peer has no path there. |
+| `path_unpin` | `npub` (bech32) | Clears the pin. `data`: `{"pinned": null}`. |
-| `path_unpin` | `npub` (bech32) | Clears the pin. |
 
-`connect` on a peer the node is **already connected to** neither tears the
+`connect` has three outcomes, told apart by whether the node already holds
-live link down nor ignores the address: the address is tried as an alternate
+a session with the peer and by the response's `refreshed` field:
-path alongside the existing one, and the peer moves to it only if that
+
-handshake authenticates. The response carries `refreshed` — `true` when such a
+- **No session:** an ordinary dial over the named transport. `refreshed:
-handshake was started, `false` when the peer is already on this exact path and
+  false`; the peer appears in `show_peers` once the handshake completes.
-that path is fresh (a successful no-op). A `connect` that starts an ordinary
+- **Session, and the address is on a transport the peer has no path over,
-dial to a peer the node does not yet hold also reports `refreshed: false`.
+  or one whose path has stopped answering:** no handshake. The address
+  becomes a path candidate under the existing session (or re-points the
+  unanswering path), the next heartbeat tick probes it, and selection
+  moves traffic to it if it measures better or the current path stops
+  answering. `refreshed: true`. `path_show` lists it as `probing` until
+  the peer acknowledges, `live` after.
+- **Session, and the peer is already reachable at exactly that address,
+  or that transport's path is carrying acknowledged traffic:** nothing
+  changes. `refreshed: false`.
 
 `connect` is ephemeral either way: the peer is not written to the config file
 and gets no auto-reconnect, so an attempt that fails leaves no residue.

src/config/mod.rs

@@ -1241,6 +1241,18 @@ impl Config {
             }
         }
 
+        // Path selection. The margin is the whole fail-back policy: a
+        // standby must beat the active path's score by this factor before
+        // traffic moves. Below 1.0 (or NaN, which compares false both ways)
+        // two paths of equal score would swap after every dwell, each swap
+        // re-seeding the path MTU and holding the tree-visible link cost.
+        let margin = self.node.path.switch_margin;
+        if !margin.is_finite() || margin < 1.0 {
+            return Err(ConfigError::Validation(format!(
+                "`node.path.switch_margin` = {margin} must be a finite number of at least 1.0:                  it is the factor a standby's score must beat the active path's by, and                  anything less makes two equal paths swap after every dwell"
+            )));
+        }
+
         let native = &self.node.native_api;
         // Both floors refuse a node that would start, answer every setup call
         // and then drop every datagram a peer sent. A zero `backlog` makes the
@@ -2557,6 +2569,20 @@ node:
         assert!(config.node.discovery.is_none());
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn a_switch_margin_below_one_is_refused() {
+        // Two paths of equal score would swap after every dwell.
+        for bad in [0.9, 0.0, -1.0, f64::NAN, f64::INFINITY] {
+            let mut config = Config::default();
+            config.node.path.switch_margin = bad;
+            let err = config.validate().expect_err("validation should fail");
+            assert!(err.to_string().contains("switch_margin"), "{bad}: {err}");
+        }
+        let mut config = Config::default();
+        config.node.path.switch_margin = 1.0;
+        config.validate().expect("1.0 means any better path wins");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_a_zero_netmon_poll_interval_is_refused() {
         // It was silently clamped to 1s, so a typo produced a node that polled

src/config/transport.rs

@@ -58,6 +58,18 @@ pub enum TransportRole {
     Backup,
 }
 
+impl TransportRole {
+    /// The config and control-socket spelling: `normal`, `backup`. Same
+    /// strings serde reads and writes, fixed here so a variant rename cannot
+    /// silently change what `show_peers` and `path_show` emit.
+    pub fn as_str(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::Normal => "normal",
+            Self::Backup => "backup",
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// UDP transport instance configuration.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]

src/control/queries.rs

@@ -408,13 +408,9 @@ pub fn show_peers(node: &Node) -> Value {
     json!({ "peers": peers })
 }
 
-/// Render a snapshot [`EntityMmp`](super::snapshot::EntityMmp) into the inline
+/// Render a peer's path rows as the `paths` array of `show_peers`. Also the
-/// MMP JSON block, with the quality-index key named `quality_key` (`lqi` for
+/// base of `path_show`'s rows, which add the now-relative fields on top.
-/// peers, `sqi` for sessions). Reproduces the on-loop key insertion order
+pub(crate) fn render_peer_paths(paths: &[super::snapshot::PeerPathRow]) -> Value {
-/// exactly. `path_mtu` is emitted (inside the leading literal) only when
-/// present (session-layer); for peers it is `None` and omitted.
-/// Render a peer's path rows as the `paths` array of `show_peers`.
-fn render_peer_paths(paths: &[super::snapshot::PeerPathRow]) -> Value {
     Value::Array(
         paths
             .iter()
@@ -440,6 +436,11 @@ fn render_peer_paths(paths: &[super::snapshot::PeerPathRow]) -> Value {
     )
 }
 
+/// Render a snapshot [`EntityMmp`](super::snapshot::EntityMmp) into the inline
+/// MMP JSON block, with the quality-index key named `quality_key` (`lqi` for
+/// peers, `sqi` for sessions). Reproduces the on-loop key insertion order
+/// exactly. `path_mtu` is emitted (inside the leading literal) only when
+/// present (session-layer); for peers it is `None` and omitted.
 fn render_entity_mmp(mmp: &super::snapshot::EntityMmp, quality_key: &str) -> Value {
     // The on-loop `show_sessions` block places loss_rate/etx/goodput_bps/
     // delivery ratios/path_mtu in the leading json! literal, while `show_peers`

src/node/dataplane/encrypted.rs

@@ -551,6 +551,12 @@ impl Node {
     /// landing on an index the allocator has already handed to a new owner:
     /// index reuse is immediate, with no quarantine.
     ///
+    /// Only a path the peer has proven counts: the active one, or one the
+    /// peer has acknowledged a probe on. A `Probing` path is an address we
+    /// were *told* about — a beacon, a config entry, a handshake source —
+    /// and until the peer answers there, garbage arriving on its transport
+    /// says nothing about the peer.
+    ///
     /// A peer with no transport bound yet is charged unconditionally, as
     /// before.
     pub(in crate::node) fn charge_decrypt_failure(
@@ -558,10 +564,13 @@ impl Node {
         node_addr: &crate::NodeAddr,
         transport_id: crate::transport::TransportId,
     ) {
-        let on_path = self
+        let on_path = self.peers.get(node_addr).is_some_and(|peer| {
-            .peers
+            peer.paths().is_empty()
-            .get(node_addr)
+                || peer.transport_id() == Some(transport_id)
-            .is_some_and(|peer| peer.paths().is_empty() || peer.path_on(transport_id).is_some());
+                || peer
+                    .path_on(transport_id)
+                    .is_some_and(|path| path.acked_once())
+        });
         if !on_path {
             trace!(
                 peer = %self.peer_display_name(node_addr),

src/node/dataplane/peer_actions.rs

@@ -345,8 +345,9 @@ impl Node {
                                         "executor CrossConnectionLost is unreachable on \
                                          driven net-new establish paths"
                                     );
-                                    // Close this (losing) connection, drop its link,
+                                    // Close this connection, drop its link, and
-                                    // and restore `addr_to_link` to the winner.
+                                    // point `addr_to_link` for the new address at the
+                                    // winner, so a msg1 from it is recognised.
                                     if let Some(transport) =
                                         self.transports.get(&ambient.transport_id)
                                     {

src/node/handlers/handshake.rs

@@ -1573,13 +1573,24 @@ impl Node {
 
             // Clean up outbound connection state
             self.pending_outbound.remove(&key);
-            // Close the losing TCP connection (no-op for connectionless)
+
+            // The handshake ran over some (transport, address). Whichever
+            // session won, that is where the peer answered just now — but a
+            // handshake creates no path state: the probe exchange, which is
+            // authenticated and replay-checked under the surviving session,
+            // is the one way a path is proven. Leave the address as a
+            // candidate for the heartbeat tick. The link record goes (the
+            // peer's link is the one its session rides), but the transport
+            // connection stays: on TCP, Tor or Nym that socket is what the
+            // probe will go out on, and closing it would only have the
+            // first probe dial it again — or, on the responder, find that
+            // our ephemeral port cannot be dialled at all. `api_disconnect`
+            // closes every path's connection. A connectionless close was a
+            // no-op either way.
             if let Some(link) = self.links.get(&link_id) {
                 let tid = link.transport_id();
                 let addr = link.remote_addr().clone();
-                if let Some(transport) = self.transports.get(&tid) {
+                self.add_path_candidate(peer_node_addr, tid, addr);
-                    transport.close_connection(&addr).await;
-                }
             }
             self.remove_link(&link_id);
 

src/node/handlers/path.rs

@@ -121,39 +121,24 @@ impl Node {
     }
 
     /// `fipsctl path show <peer>`: every path to the peer, per direction.
+    ///
+    /// The per-path object is the `show_peers` one (`project_peer_paths`,
+    /// rendered by `render_peer_paths`) plus the three fields only a
+    /// now-relative read can give: the liveness ages and `acked_once`.
+    /// Built from the same projection so the two field lists cannot drift.
     pub(crate) fn api_path_show(&self, npub: &str) -> Result<serde_json::Value, String> {
         let node_addr = self.resolve_peer_npub(npub)?;
         let peer = &self.peers[&node_addr];
         let now_ms = crate::time::mono_ms();
-        let active = peer.transport_id();
+        let ago = |at: Option<u64>| at.map(|t| now_ms.saturating_sub(t));
-        let paths: Vec<serde_json::Value> = peer
+        let mut paths = crate::control::queries::render_peer_paths(&self.project_peer_paths(peer));
-            .paths()
+        if let Some(rows) = paths.as_array_mut() {
-            .iter()
+            for (row, path) in rows.iter_mut().zip(peer.paths()) {
-            .map(|path| {
+                row["rx_live_ms_ago"] = serde_json::json!(ago(path.rx_live_at_ms()));
-                let ago = |at: Option<u64>| at.map(|t| now_ms.saturating_sub(t));
+                row["tx_live_ms_ago"] = serde_json::json!(ago(path.tx_live_at_ms()));
-                serde_json::json!({
+                row["acked_once"] = serde_json::json!(path.acked_once());
-                    "transport_id": path.transport_id().as_u32(),
+            }
-                    "transport": self
+        }
-                        .transports
-                        .get(&path.transport_id())
-                        .and_then(|t| t.name().map(str::to_string)),
-                    "addr": path.addr().to_string(),
-                    "state": format!("{:?}", path.state()).to_lowercase(),
-                    "active": Some(path.transport_id()) == active,
-                    "remote_active": path.remote_active(),
-                    "role": format!("{:?}", path.role()).to_lowercase(),
-                    "pinned": path.pinned(),
-                    "rx_live_ms_ago": ago(path.rx_live_at_ms()),
-                    "tx_live_ms_ago": ago(path.tx_live_at_ms()),
-                    "acked_once": path.acked_once(),
-                    "last_rtt_ms": path.last_rtt_ms(),
-                    "min_rtt_ms": path.min_rtt_ms(),
-                    "rtt_samples": path.rtt_samples(),
-                    "etx": path.etx(),
-                    "score": path.score(),
-                })
-            })
-            .collect();
         Ok(serde_json::json!({
             "peer": npub,
             "link_cost": peer.link_cost(now_ms),
@@ -204,13 +189,28 @@ impl Node {
         let Some(peer) = self.peers.get_mut(&node_addr) else {
             return;
         };
-        if peer.transport_id() == Some(transport_id) {
+        if peer.transport_id() == Some(transport_id)
-            // The active path: the handshake proved it.
+            && peer.path_on(transport_id).is_some_and(|p| p.is_eligible())
+        {
+            // The active path, and it is answering: nothing to add, and an
+            // address that has proven nothing does not displace it. An
+            // active path that has stopped answering falls through to the
+            // re-pointing below like any other.
             return;
         }
         let was_new = peer.path_on(transport_id).is_none();
         peer.add_path(transport_id, remote_addr.clone())
             .set_role(role);
+        // A known transport at a new address: the peer moved there (an
+        // Aware data path that re-formed, a DHCP lease that changed) and
+        // the old address answers nothing. Re-point the path; the heartbeat
+        // tick probes it from here. Only while the path is not eligible: an
+        // address that is carrying acknowledged traffic is not displaced by
+        // one that has proven nothing — a probe from the new address
+        // (`note_path_probe`) is what moves a working path.
+        let moved = !was_new
+            && peer.path_on(transport_id).is_some_and(|p| !p.is_eligible())
+            && peer.refresh_path_addr(transport_id, remote_addr.clone());
         if was_new {
             debug!(
                 peer = %self.peer_display_name(&node_addr),
@@ -218,47 +218,13 @@ impl Node {
                 remote_addr = %remote_addr,
                 "Peer beaconed on a new transport; path added, probing"
             );
-        }
+        } else if moved {
-    }
+            debug!(
-
+                peer = %self.peer_display_name(&node_addr),
-    /// Tests: add the path and probe it at once, as one heartbeat tick
+                transport_id = %transport_id,
-    /// would, without the tick's other sends. Uses the test-only
+                remote_addr = %remote_addr,
-    /// `take_probe`, which honours the per-path backoff.
+                "Peer beaconed at a new address on a known transport; path re-addressed, probing"
-    #[cfg(test)]
+            );
-    pub(in crate::node) async fn maybe_probe_path(
-        &mut self,
-        node_addr: NodeAddr,
-        transport_id: TransportId,
-        remote_addr: TransportAddr,
-    ) {
-        self.add_path_candidate(node_addr, transport_id, remote_addr.clone());
-        let now_ms = crate::time::mono_ms();
-        let timing = self.heartbeat_timing();
-        let Some(peer) = self.peers.get_mut(&node_addr) else {
-            return;
-        };
-        if peer.transport_id() == Some(transport_id) {
-            return;
-        }
-        let Some((probe_id, remote_active, path_id)) = peer.take_probe(
-            transport_id,
-            now_ms,
-            timing.fast_ms,
-            timing.discovery_cap_ms,
-        ) else {
-            return;
-        };
-        let probe = PathMessage {
-            probe_id,
-            remote_active,
-            path_id,
-        };
-        let wire = self.pad_to_link_mtu(probe.encode_probe().to_vec(), transport_id, &remote_addr);
-        if let Err(e) = self
-            .send_encrypted_link_message_on_path(&node_addr, &wire, transport_id, remote_addr)
-            .await
-        {
-            debug!(peer = %self.peer_display_name(&node_addr), error = %e, "Path probe send failed");
         }
     }
 
@@ -766,10 +732,21 @@ impl Node {
     }
 
     /// A transport's presence came back: clear the probe backoff on every
-    /// path over it so the next discovery tick may probe at once.
+    /// path over it so the next heartbeat tick may probe at once, and
+    /// revive every path that went `Dead` with it — a replugged NIC, a
+    /// wifi interface that cycled — as `Probing`, history kept. Without
+    /// this nothing on our side ever probed a `Dead` path again: traffic
+    /// stayed on the standby until the grace pruned the path and a fresh
+    /// beacon found it with no history.
     pub(in crate::node) fn reset_probe_backoff_on_transport(&mut self, transport_id: TransportId) {
-        for peer in self.peers.values_mut() {
+        for (node_addr, peer) in self.peers.iter_mut() {
-            peer.reset_probe_backoff_on(transport_id);
+            if peer.reset_probe_backoff_on(transport_id) {
+                debug!(
+                    peer = %node_addr,
+                    %transport_id,
+                    "Transport returned: dead path probing again"
+                );
+            }
         }
     }
 }

src/node/lifecycle/mod.rs

@@ -464,6 +464,21 @@ impl Node {
             .map(|t| t.transport_type().connection_oriented)
             .unwrap_or(false);
 
+        // A dial to a peer we already hold a session with (a startup that
+        // lists two addresses, a caller that still dials by hand) proves
+        // nothing by itself: the handshake creates no path state, and its
+        // outcome is the cross-connection tie-break as ever. The address
+        // is still a fact worth holding — leave it as a candidate for the
+        // heartbeat tick to probe under the session, on a datagram
+        // transport, so it becomes a path whichever way the dial goes.
+        if !is_connection_oriented && self.peers.contains_key(peer_identity.node_addr()) {
+            self.add_path_candidate(
+                *peer_identity.node_addr(),
+                transport_id,
+                remote_addr.clone(),
+            );
+        }
+
         // Allocate link ID and create link
         let link_id = self.allocate_link_id();
 
@@ -812,51 +827,38 @@ impl Node {
                 let connected = self.peers.contains_key(&node_addr);
 
                 if connected {
-                    // Active peer: skip every candidate while the link we
+                    // Active peer: never a dial, whatever the state of the
-                    // already hold is live — the current path *and* any
+                    // link we hold. The address is a path to add or
-                    // alternate one.
+                    // re-point, and the heartbeat tick probes it under the
+                    // session we have — one round trip, authenticated, and
+                    // selection moves traffic if the path proves better or
+                    // the current one is not answering.
                     //
-                    // Only the same-path case used to be skipped, which left
+                    // Dialling an active peer used to be the fallback for one
-                    // the stated intent ("avoid churning a healthy link")
+                    // that had gone quiet ("liveness is the gate"). Two
-                    // covering exactly the case that could not churn anything.
+                    // reasons it is not any more. A handshake to a peer that
-                    // A peer reachable twice — the ordinary result of two
+                    // already holds a session is read by the far side as a
-                    // machines sharing a LAN and a cable, since each beacons on
+                    // rekey, and when both ends do it at once — the ordinary
-                    // both — was therefore re-dialled on its alternate path
+                    // case, since both hear the same medium come back — the
-                    // every discovery tick, forever. Each dial that completed
+                    // rekey and the cross-connection resolution overlap and
-                    // promoted and displaced the incumbent, so the peer's link
+                    // the two sides part on different session indices, dead
-                    // migrated back and forth on a fixed cadence, tearing down
+                    // to each other until the link timeout reaps them. And
-                    // and re-establishing its session each time. Measured on
+                    // the dial buys nothing the probe does not: a session
-                    // real hardware: seventeen dials to one peer in fifteen
+                    // that is truly gone answers no probe either, is reaped
-                    // minutes, alternating wifi and cable, displacing a link
+                    // by the link-dead timeout, and is dialled then; a peer
-                    // reporting `etx = 1.0` and `loss = 0.0`.
+                    // that restarted dials us itself with a new epoch and
+                    // wins the promotion outright.
                     //
-                    // When that peer is the parent — which the best path
+                    // (History: only the same-path case used to be skipped,
-                    // usually is — every migration also switched parents,
+                    // so a peer reachable twice — two machines sharing a LAN
-                    // invalidating the downstream coordinate cache and
+                    // and a cable — was re-dialled on its alternate path
-                    // re-announcing to every peer. The cost of the churn was
+                    // every discovery tick, each completed dial displacing
-                    // therefore mesh-wide while the benefit was nil: the link
+                    // the incumbent: seventeen dials to one peer in fifteen
-                    // being replaced was already perfect.
+                    // minutes, alternating wifi and cable, over a link
-                    //
+                    // reporting `etx = 1.0`. Liveness gating fixed that and
-                    // Failover is unaffected. Liveness is the gate, so a peer
+                    // left the quiet-peer dial; this removes the last of it.)
-                    // that stops answering goes stale within a heartbeat
+                    path_candidates.push((node_addr, candidate_transport_id, remote_addr));
-                    // interval and every path, alternate included, is dialled
+                    continue;
-                    // again. What is given up is switching away from a link
-                    // that is working, which is not a thing worth doing.
-                    if self.active_peer_link_is_live(&node_addr) {
-                        // A live peer beaconing on a transport we hold no
-                        // path to it over is a path to add, not a link to
-                        // replace: the heartbeat tick probes it under the
-                        // existing session instead of dialling.
-                        path_candidates.push((node_addr, candidate_transport_id, remote_addr));
-                        continue;
-                    }
-                    if self.is_connecting_to_peer_on_path(
-                        &node_addr,
-                        candidate_transport_id,
-                        &remote_addr,
-                    ) {
-                        continue;
-                    }
                 } else if self.is_connecting_to_peer_on_path(
                     &node_addr,
                     candidate_transport_id,
@@ -878,6 +880,7 @@ impl Node {
         for (node_addr, transport_id, remote_addr) in path_candidates {
             self.add_path_candidate(node_addr, transport_id, remote_addr);
         }
+        self.add_configured_path_candidates();
 
         if transport_neighbors.is_empty() {
             return;
@@ -2560,6 +2563,126 @@ impl Node {
             .collect()
     }
 
+    /// Configured addresses of live peers on transports they have no path
+    /// over become paths. Runs every discovery tick, idempotent and cheap:
+    /// a configured address whose transport was down at dial time (wifi
+    /// joined later, Tor came up) is otherwise never looked at again, since
+    /// a peer that is already active is not re-dialled.
+    fn add_configured_path_candidates(&mut self) {
+        let configs: Vec<PeerConfig> = self.config().auto_connect_peers().cloned().collect();
+        for peer_config in configs {
+            let Ok(identity) = PeerIdentity::from_npub(&peer_config.npub) else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            let node_addr = *identity.node_addr();
+            if !self.peers.contains_key(&node_addr) || !self.active_peer_link_is_live(&node_addr) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            for addr in peer_config.addresses_by_priority() {
+                if addr.transport == "udp" && addr.addr.eq_ignore_ascii_case("nat") {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                let Some((transport_id, remote_addr)) = self.resolve_peer_address(addr) else {
+                    continue;
+                };
+                let has_path = self
+                    .peers
+                    .get(&node_addr)
+                    .is_some_and(|p| p.path_on(transport_id).is_some());
+                if !has_path {
+                    self.add_path_candidate(node_addr, transport_id, remote_addr);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The transport and address a configured peer address dials to, or
+    /// `None` (logged at debug) if no operational transport can carry it.
+    ///
+    /// The transport field may name a specific instance (`"udp/aware"`):
+    /// the type half picks the resolver, the instance half is handed to
+    /// whichever resolver can honour it, and only the UDP one can. The
+    /// `"nat"` pseudo-address is not resolved here.
+    fn resolve_peer_address(&self, addr: &PeerAddress) -> Option<(TransportId, TransportAddr)> {
+        let spec = addr.spec();
+        if addr.transport == "ethernet" {
+            return match self.resolve_ethernet_addr(&addr.addr) {
+                Ok(result) => Some(result),
+                Err(e) => {
+                    debug!(
+                        transport = %addr.transport,
+                        addr = %addr.addr,
+                        error = %e,
+                        "Failed to resolve Ethernet address"
+                    );
+                    None
+                }
+            };
+        }
+        if addr.transport == "ble" {
+            #[cfg(ble_available)]
+            {
+                return match self.resolve_ble_addr(&addr.addr) {
+                    Ok(result) => Some(result),
+                    Err(e) => {
+                        debug!(
+                            transport = %addr.transport,
+                            addr = %addr.addr,
+                            error = %e,
+                            "Failed to resolve BLE address"
+                        );
+                        None
+                    }
+                };
+            }
+            #[cfg(not(ble_available))]
+            {
+                debug!(transport = %addr.transport, "BLE transport not available on this build");
+                return None;
+            }
+        }
+        let tid = if spec.kind == "udp"
+            && let Ok(remote_socket_addr) = addr.addr.parse::<SocketAddr>()
+        {
+            match self.find_udp_transport_for_remote_addr(remote_socket_addr, spec.instance) {
+                Some((id, _)) => id,
+                None => {
+                    debug!(
+                        transport = %addr.transport,
+                        addr = %addr.addr,
+                        "No compatible operational UDP transport for address"
+                    );
+                    return None;
+                }
+            }
+        } else if spec.instance.is_some() {
+            // Only the UDP resolver above can honour an instance name.
+            // Matching any instance of the type here would be the silent
+            // wrong-lane substitution this whole mechanism exists to
+            // prevent, so refuse instead.
+            debug!(
+                transport = %addr.transport,
+                addr = %addr.addr,
+                "Instance-qualified address for a transport type that \
+                 does not support instance selection"
+            );
+            return None;
+        } else {
+            match self.find_transport_for_type(spec.kind) {
+                Some(id) => id,
+                None => {
+                    debug!(
+                        transport = %addr.transport,
+                        addr = %addr.addr,
+                        "No operational transport for address type"
+                    );
+                    return None;
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        Some((tid, TransportAddr::from_string(&addr.addr)))
+    }
+
     async fn attempt_peer_address_list(
         &mut self,
         peer_config: &PeerConfig,
@@ -2581,9 +2704,6 @@ impl Node {
             if attempted >= max_attempts {
                 break;
             }
-            // The transport field may name a specific instance
-            // (`"udp/aware"`); everything below dispatches on the type half
-            // and hands the instance half to whichever resolver can honour it.
             let spec = addr.spec();
 
             if spec.kind == "udp" && addr.addr.eq_ignore_ascii_case("nat") {
@@ -2601,82 +2721,8 @@ impl Node {
                 continue;
             }
 
-            let (transport_id, remote_addr) = if addr.transport == "ethernet" {
+            let Some((transport_id, remote_addr)) = self.resolve_peer_address(addr) else {
-                match self.resolve_ethernet_addr(&addr.addr) {
+                continue;
-                    Ok(result) => result,
-                    Err(e) => {
-                        debug!(
-                            transport = %addr.transport,
-                            addr = %addr.addr,
-                            error = %e,
-                            "Failed to resolve Ethernet address"
-                        );
-                        continue;
-                    }
-                }
-            } else if addr.transport == "ble" {
-                #[cfg(ble_available)]
-                {
-                    match self.resolve_ble_addr(&addr.addr) {
-                        Ok(result) => result,
-                        Err(e) => {
-                            debug!(
-                                transport = %addr.transport,
-                                addr = %addr.addr,
-                                error = %e,
-                                "Failed to resolve BLE address"
-                            );
-                            continue;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-                #[cfg(not(ble_available))]
-                {
-                    debug!(transport = %addr.transport, "BLE transport not available on this build");
-                    continue;
-                }
-            } else {
-                let tid = if spec.kind == "udp"
-                    && let Ok(remote_socket_addr) = addr.addr.parse::<SocketAddr>()
-                {
-                    match self.find_udp_transport_for_remote_addr(remote_socket_addr, spec.instance)
-                    {
-                        Some((id, _)) => id,
-                        None => {
-                            debug!(
-                                transport = %addr.transport,
-                                addr = %addr.addr,
-                                "No compatible operational UDP transport for address"
-                            );
-                            continue;
-                        }
-                    }
-                } else if spec.instance.is_some() {
-                    // Only the UDP resolver above can honour an instance name.
-                    // Matching any instance of the type here would be the
-                    // silent wrong-lane substitution this whole mechanism
-                    // exists to prevent, so refuse instead.
-                    debug!(
-                        transport = %addr.transport,
-                        addr = %addr.addr,
-                        "Instance-qualified address for a transport type that \
-                         does not support instance selection"
-                    );
-                    continue;
-                } else {
-                    match self.find_transport_for_type(spec.kind) {
-                        Some(id) => id,
-                        None => {
-                            debug!(
-                                transport = %addr.transport,
-                                addr = %addr.addr,
-                                "No operational transport for address type"
-                            );
-                            continue;
-                        }
-                    }
-                };
-                (tid, TransportAddr::from_string(&addr.addr))
             };
 
             if self.is_connecting_to_peer_on_path(&peer_node_addr, transport_id, &remote_addr) {
@@ -3243,27 +3289,55 @@ impl Node {
             .into_iter()
             .filter(|addr| !(addr.transport == "udp" && addr.addr.eq_ignore_ascii_case("nat")))
             .collect();
-        let has_alternative = concrete
+        // Every address the peer is not already on. (The same-path case —
-            .iter()
+        // the one address it is on, gone quiet — was once re-dialled from
-            .any(|addr| !self.active_peer_matches_candidate(&peer_node_addr, addr));
+        // here; the path's own heartbeat and the link-dead reap own that
-        let attempt_candidates: Vec<_> = if has_alternative {
+        // now, see below.)
-            concrete
+        let attempt_candidates: Vec<_> = concrete
-                .into_iter()
+            .into_iter()
-                .filter(|addr| !self.active_peer_matches_candidate(&peer_node_addr, addr))
+            .filter(|addr| !self.active_peer_matches_candidate(&peer_node_addr, addr))
-                .collect()
+            .collect();
-        } else if self.active_peer_needs_same_path_refresh(&peer_node_addr) {
-            concrete
-        } else {
-            Vec::new()
-        };
 
-        if attempt_candidates.is_empty() {
+        // A peer we hold a session to gets a *path* at each address, under
-            return Ok(false);
+        // that session, never a second handshake: the probe exchange proves
+        // the path and selection moves traffic if it measures better or the
+        // current path stops answering. A handshake to a peer that already
+        // has one is read by the far side as a rekey, and two ends doing it
+        // at once — both hearing the same medium return — leave the rekey
+        // and the cross-connection resolution overlapping and the sides on
+        // different session indices. An address the peer is already
+        // reachable at is nothing to do; one on a transport that already
+        // has a path re-points that path (the peer moved); one on a new
+        // transport adds a path. A peer that has gone quiet is not dialled
+        // either: a dead session answers no probe, is reaped by the
+        // link-dead timeout, and is dialled then. See `poll_discovered_peers`.
+        let mut paths_added = false;
+        for addr in attempt_candidates {
+            let Some((transport_id, remote_addr)) = self.resolve_peer_address(&addr) else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            let Some(peer) = self.peers.get(&peer_node_addr) else {
+                continue;
+            };
+            if peer.is_reachable_at(transport_id, &remote_addr) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let known_transport = peer.path_on(transport_id).is_some();
+            info!(
+                peer = %self.peer_display_name(&peer_node_addr),
+                %transport_id,
+                addr = %remote_addr,
+                "{}",
+                if known_transport {
+                    "Configured address moved on a known transport: path re-pointed, not dialled"
+                } else {
+                    "Configured address on a new transport: added as a path, not dialled"
+                }
+            );
+            self.add_path_candidate(peer_node_addr, transport_id, remote_addr);
+            paths_added = true;
         }
-
+        Ok(paths_added)
-        self.attempt_peer_address_list(peer_config, peer_identity, false, &attempt_candidates)
-            .await?;
-        Ok(true)
     }
 
     async fn peer_address_candidates(&self, peer_config: &PeerConfig) -> Vec<PeerAddress> {
@@ -3362,14 +3436,17 @@ impl Node {
     /// auto-reconnect). Reuses the same connection path as auto-connect
     /// peers. Returns JSON data on success or an error message.
     ///
-    /// For a peer the node is already connected to, the supplied address is
+    /// For a peer the node already holds a session with, the supplied
-    /// tried as an *alternate path* rather than ignored — the same treatment
+    /// address is never dialled: it becomes a path candidate under that
-    /// [`Node::update_peers`] gives a refreshed runtime peer. The handshake
+    /// session (or re-points a path that has stopped answering), the
-    /// runs in parallel with the live link and promotion happens only once it
+    /// heartbeat tick probes it, and selection moves traffic there only
-    /// authenticates, so an address the caller got wrong cannot displace a
+    /// once the peer has answered — the same treatment
-    /// healthy path. The response's `refreshed` field reports whether such a
+    /// [`Node::update_peers`] gives a refreshed runtime peer, so an address
-    /// handshake was started; it is `false` when the peer is already on this
+    /// the caller got wrong cannot displace a healthy path. The response's
-    /// exact path and that path is fresh.
+    /// `refreshed` field reports whether a path was added or re-pointed;
+    /// it is `false` when the peer is already reachable at that address or
+    /// that transport's path is carrying acknowledged traffic, and for an
+    /// ordinary dial to a peer the node does not yet hold.
     pub(crate) async fn api_connect(
         &mut self,
         npub: &str,
@@ -3451,16 +3528,18 @@ impl Node {
             return Err(format!("peer not found: {npub}"));
         };
 
-        // Read the transport path the peer is actually sending over BEFORE the
+        // Read every path the peer holds BEFORE the teardown below drops
-        // teardown below drops the peer and its link — afterwards there is
+        // the peer and its link — afterwards there is nothing left to
-        // nothing left to derive it from. `current_addr` rather than the
+        // derive them from. The path's address rather than the link's
-        // link's remote address, because roaming updates the former and it is
+        // remote address, because roaming updates the former and it is the
-        // the address the pool entry (and its inbound-slot accounting) is
+        // address the pool entry (and its inbound-slot accounting) is keyed
-        // keyed by.
+        // by. Every path, not the active one alone: a standby on a
-        let transport_path = match (peer.transport_id(), peer.current_addr()) {
+        // connection-oriented transport holds a pool entry of its own.
-            (Some(transport_id), Some(addr)) => Some((transport_id, addr.clone())),
+        let transport_paths: Vec<(TransportId, TransportAddr)> = peer
-            _ => None,
+            .paths()
-        };
+            .iter()
+            .map(|path| (path.transport_id(), path.addr().clone()))
+            .collect();
 
         // Notify the peer before we tear down the link, so it drops its own
         // session and re-handshakes symmetrically rather than holding a stale
@@ -3483,10 +3562,10 @@ impl Node {
         // verbatim: closing twice is harmless, because every
         // `close_connection` implementation is `if let Some(conn) =
         // pool.remove(addr)` and the connectionless default is a no-op.
-        if let Some((transport_id, addr)) = transport_path
+        for (transport_id, addr) in transport_paths {
-            && let Some(transport) = self.transports.get(&transport_id)
+            if let Some(transport) = self.transports.get(&transport_id) {
-        {
+                transport.close_connection(&addr).await;
-            transport.close_connection(&addr).await;
+            }
         }
 
         // Suppress any pending auto-reconnect

src/node/mod.rs

@@ -2697,10 +2697,10 @@ impl Node {
                     transport: handle.and_then(|t| t.name().map(str::to_string)),
                     transport_type: handle.map(|t| t.transport_type().name.to_string()),
                     addr: path.addr().to_string(),
-                    state: format!("{:?}", path.state()).to_lowercase(),
+                    state: path.state().as_str().to_string(),
                     active: Some(path.transport_id()) == active,
                     remote_active: path.remote_active(),
-                    role: format!("{:?}", path.role()).to_lowercase(),
+                    role: path.role().as_str().to_string(),
                     pinned: path.pinned(),
                     last_rtt_ms: path.last_rtt_ms(),
                     min_rtt_ms: path.min_rtt_ms(),

src/node/tests/control.rs

@@ -150,13 +150,11 @@ async fn test_api_connect_on_current_fresh_path_is_a_no_op() {
 }
 
 /// `connect` naming a *different* address for a peer the node is already
-/// connected to starts an alternate-path handshake instead of silently doing
+/// connected to takes it as a path under the session it has — never a
-/// nothing — the fix.
+/// second handshake, which the far side would read as a rekey. The peer and
-///
+/// its link stay put; the heartbeat tick probes the path from here.
-/// The existing peer stays put while that handshake runs: promotion is the
-/// handshake's job, not the command's.
 #[tokio::test]
-async fn test_api_connect_starts_alternate_path_for_active_peer() {
+async fn test_api_connect_takes_an_alternate_address_as_a_path() {
     let mut nodes = run_tree_test(2, &[(0, 1)], false).await;
 
     let node1_addr = *nodes[1].node.node_addr();
@@ -182,26 +180,25 @@ async fn test_api_connect_starts_alternate_path_for_active_peer() {
 
     assert_eq!(
         data["refreshed"], true,
-        "a new path for an active peer must start a refresh"
+        "a new address for an active peer is taken as a path"
     );
     assert!(
-        nodes[0]
+        !nodes[0]
             .node
             .is_connecting_to_peer_on_path(&node1_addr, transport_id, &alternate),
-        "an outbound leg should exist on the alternate path"
+        "no handshake: a peer with a session is probed, not dialled"
     );
+    assert_eq!(nodes[0].node.connection_count(), 0);
     let peer = nodes[0]
         .node
         .get_peer(&node1_addr)
-        .expect("the existing peer must survive the parallel handshake");
+        .expect("the existing peer is untouched");
-    assert_eq!(
+    assert_eq!(peer.link_id(), link_before, "the live link must not change");
-        peer.link_id(),
+    assert!(
-        link_before,
+        peer.path_on(transport_id).is_some(),
-        "the alternate handshake must not tear the live link down before it authenticates"
+        "the transport still has its one path"
     );
 
-    // Let the alternate handshake run to completion; the peer must still be
-    // there afterwards.
     for _ in 0..20 {
         if process_available_packets(&mut nodes).await == 0 {
             break;
@@ -209,7 +206,7 @@ async fn test_api_connect_starts_alternate_path_for_active_peer() {
     }
     assert!(
         nodes[0].node.get_peer(&node1_addr).is_some(),
-        "node 1 should still be a peer after the alternate path resolves"
+        "node 1 is still a peer"
     );
 
     cleanup_nodes(&mut nodes).await;

src/node/tests/multi_path.rs

@@ -307,6 +307,22 @@ async fn dual_homed_pair() -> (Vec<TestNode>, TransportAddr, TransportAddr) {
     (nodes, wifi_0, wifi_1)
 }
 
+/// Hand `nodes[i]` the address `addr` for `peer` on `transport` and run one
+/// heartbeat tick: the production route by which a path gets probed
+/// (`add_path_candidate` is what a beacon, a config entry or a completed
+/// dial leaves behind; the tick is the one issuer of probes). Nothing is
+/// delivered here — the caller drives `process_available_packets`.
+async fn probe_candidate(
+    nodes: &mut [TestNode],
+    i: usize,
+    peer: NodeAddr,
+    transport: TransportId,
+    addr: TransportAddr,
+) {
+    nodes[i].node.add_path_candidate(peer, transport, addr);
+    nodes[i].node.run_path_heartbeats().await;
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn path_message_round_trips_on_the_wire() {
     let probe = PathMessage {
@@ -345,10 +361,7 @@ async fn a_probe_adds_a_path_at_both_ends_and_the_ack_makes_it_live() {
     let cable = nodes[0].transport_id;
 
     // Node 1 probes node 0 over the wifi.
-    nodes[1]
+    probe_candidate(&mut nodes, 1, addr_0, wifi(), wifi_0.clone()).await;
-        .node
-        .maybe_probe_path(addr_0, wifi(), wifi_0.clone())
-        .await;
     {
         let peer = nodes[1].node.get_peer(&addr_0).unwrap();
         let path = peer
@@ -358,8 +371,9 @@ async fn a_probe_adds_a_path_at_both_ends_and_the_ack_makes_it_live() {
         assert!(path.tx_live_at_ms().is_none());
     }
 
-    // Probe reaches node 0.
+    // The probe reaches node 0 (the tick heartbeats the active path too,
-    assert_eq!(process_available_packets(&mut nodes).await, 1);
+    // now that the peer has two).
+    assert!(process_available_packets(&mut nodes).await >= 1);
     {
         let peer = nodes[0].node.get_peer(&addr_1).unwrap();
         let path = peer.path_on(wifi()).expect("the receiver adds the path");
@@ -374,8 +388,8 @@ async fn a_probe_adds_a_path_at_both_ends_and_the_ack_makes_it_live() {
         assert_eq!(peer.paths().len(), 2);
     }
 
-    // Ack reaches node 1.
+    // The ack reaches node 1.
-    assert_eq!(process_available_packets(&mut nodes).await, 1);
+    assert!(process_available_packets(&mut nodes).await >= 1);
     {
         let peer = nodes[1].node.get_peer(&addr_0).unwrap();
         let path = peer.path_on(wifi()).unwrap();
@@ -446,6 +460,121 @@ async fn a_beacon_from_a_live_peer_on_a_new_transport_probes_instead_of_dialling
     );
 }
 
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn a_second_handshake_creates_no_path_state_and_the_address_is_probed_instead() {
+    let (mut nodes, wifi_0, _wifi_1) = dual_homed_pair().await;
+    let addr_0 = *nodes[0].node.node_addr();
+    let addr_1 = *nodes[1].node.node_addr();
+    let cable = nodes[0].transport_id;
+    let session_before = (
+        nodes[0].node.get_peer(&addr_1).unwrap().our_index(),
+        nodes[1].node.get_peer(&addr_0).unwrap().our_index(),
+    );
+
+    // Node 1 dials node 0 over the wifi, as a static config listing both
+    // addresses does at startup, while the cable session is live. The
+    // responder answers it as it would any msg1 from a peer it holds a
+    // session with — a duplicate here, the session being seconds old —
+    // and neither end derives a path from the handshake.
+    let identity_0 = PeerIdentity::from_pubkey_full(nodes[0].node.identity().pubkey_full());
+    nodes[1]
+        .node
+        .initiate_connection(wifi(), wifi_0.clone(), identity_0)
+        .await
+        .expect("dial starts");
+    for _ in 0..8 {
+        if process_available_packets(&mut nodes).await == 0 {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Neither end re-peered: one peer each, the session untouched.
+    assert_eq!(nodes[0].node.peer_count(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(nodes[1].node.peer_count(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        (
+            nodes[0].node.get_peer(&addr_1).unwrap().our_index(),
+            nodes[1].node.get_peer(&addr_0).unwrap().our_index(),
+        ),
+        session_before,
+        "the handshake did not replace the session"
+    );
+    // The dialler holds the address as an unproven candidate, traffic on
+    // the cable; the responder learned nothing from the handshake.
+    let p1 = nodes[1].node.get_peer(&addr_0).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(p1.transport_id(), Some(cable), "traffic stays on the cable");
+    let wifi_path = p1
+        .path_on(wifi())
+        .expect("the dialled address is a candidate");
+    assert_eq!(wifi_path.state(), PathState::Probing);
+    assert!(!wifi_path.acked_once(), "a handshake proves no path");
+    assert!(
+        nodes[0]
+            .node
+            .get_peer(&addr_1)
+            .unwrap()
+            .path_on(wifi())
+            .is_none(),
+        "the responder derives no path from a handshake"
+    );
+
+    // The connection the dial opened is left for the probe to ride: on a
+    // connection-oriented transport it is the path's socket, and closing
+    // it would have the first probe dial again (or, at the responder, find
+    // an ephemeral port that cannot be dialled). Loopback records the
+    // close it would have been asked for.
+    for node in &nodes {
+        let closed = match node.node.transports.get(&wifi()).expect("wifi transport") {
+            TransportHandle::Loopback(t) => t.closed(),
+            _ => unreachable!("tests run over loopback"),
+        };
+        assert!(
+            closed.is_empty(),
+            "the dial's connection is kept for the candidate: {closed:?}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // The heartbeat tick proves it, at both ends, under the shared session.
+    nodes[1].node.run_path_heartbeats().await;
+    for _ in 0..8 {
+        if process_available_packets(&mut nodes).await == 0 {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    let p1 = nodes[1].node.get_peer(&addr_0).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(p1.path_on(wifi()).unwrap().state(), PathState::Live);
+    assert_eq!(p1.transport_id(), Some(cable), "traffic still on the cable");
+    let p0 = nodes[0].node.get_peer(&addr_1).unwrap();
+    assert!(
+        p0.path_on(wifi()).is_some(),
+        "the probe taught the responder the path"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(p0.transport_id(), Some(cable));
+
+    // An operator disconnect closes every path's connection, the standby's
+    // included: on a connection-oriented transport each holds a pool entry.
+    let npub_0 = nodes[0].node.identity().npub();
+    nodes[1]
+        .node
+        .api_disconnect(&npub_0)
+        .await
+        .expect("disconnect");
+    let closed_wifi = match nodes[1].node.transports.get(&wifi()).unwrap() {
+        TransportHandle::Loopback(t) => t.closed(),
+        _ => unreachable!(),
+    };
+    assert_eq!(
+        closed_wifi,
+        vec![wifi_0.clone()],
+        "the standby's connection is closed too"
+    );
+    let closed_cable = match nodes[1].node.transports.get(&cable).unwrap() {
+        TransportHandle::Loopback(t) => t.closed(),
+        _ => unreachable!(),
+    };
+    assert_eq!(closed_cable.len(), 1, "and the active path's");
+}
+
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn a_beaconed_path_is_probed_by_the_next_heartbeat_tick_and_once_only() {
     let (mut nodes, wifi_0, _wifi_1) = dual_homed_pair().await;
@@ -509,24 +638,6 @@ async fn an_ack_for_no_outstanding_probe_changes_nothing() {
     );
 }
 
-#[tokio::test]
-async fn the_active_path_is_not_probed() {
-    let (mut nodes, _wifi_0, _wifi_1) = dual_homed_pair().await;
-    let addr_0 = *nodes[0].node.node_addr();
-    let cable = nodes[0].transport_id;
-    let cable_addr_0 = nodes[0].addr.clone();
-
-    nodes[1]
-        .node
-        .maybe_probe_path(addr_0, cable, cable_addr_0)
-        .await;
-    assert_eq!(
-        nodes[0].packet_rx.len(),
-        0,
-        "the handshake proved the active path"
-    );
-}
-
 // ============================================================================
 // Presence loss withdraws a path (design §5–6)
 // ============================================================================
@@ -537,14 +648,8 @@ async fn pair_with_wifi_live() -> (Vec<TestNode>, TransportAddr, TransportAddr)
     let (mut nodes, wifi_0, wifi_1) = dual_homed_pair().await;
     let addr_0 = *nodes[0].node.node_addr();
     let addr_1 = *nodes[1].node.node_addr();
-    nodes[1]
+    probe_candidate(&mut nodes, 1, addr_0, wifi(), wifi_0.clone()).await;
-        .node
+    probe_candidate(&mut nodes, 0, addr_1, wifi(), wifi_1.clone()).await;
-        .maybe_probe_path(addr_0, wifi(), wifi_0.clone())
-        .await;
-    nodes[0]
-        .node
-        .maybe_probe_path(addr_1, wifi(), wifi_1.clone())
-        .await;
     for _ in 0..4 {
         if process_available_packets(&mut nodes).await == 0 {
             break;
@@ -595,7 +700,9 @@ async fn losing_the_active_transport_moves_traffic_to_the_live_standby() {
     assert_eq!(seeded_by, Some(wifi()));
 
     // The same session carries on: a frame sent now goes out on the wifi
-    // and decrypts at the far end, which never saw a switch.
+    // and decrypts at the far end. (The withdrawal also told the far end,
+    // with a PathClose on the wifi, that the cable is gone: it moves its
+    // own traffic to the wifi on hearing it, and re-peers nowhere.)
     let before = nodes[0].packet_rx.len();
     nodes[1]
         .node
@@ -603,15 +710,21 @@ async fn losing_the_active_transport_moves_traffic_to_the_live_standby() {
         .await
         .expect("send over the standby");
     assert_eq!(nodes[0].packet_rx.len(), before + 1);
-    let packet = nodes[0].packet_rx.try_recv().unwrap();
+    while let Ok(packet) = nodes[0].packet_rx.try_recv() {
-    assert_eq!(packet.transport_id, wifi());
+        assert_eq!(packet.transport_id, wifi());
-    nodes[0].node.handle_encrypted_frame(packet).await;
+        nodes[0].node.handle_encrypted_frame(packet).await;
+    }
     let far = nodes[0]
         .node
         .get_peer(nodes[1].node.node_addr())
         .expect("no re-peering");
     assert_eq!(far.consecutive_decrypt_failures(), 0);
-    assert_eq!(far.transport_id(), Some(cable), "the far end did not move");
+    assert_eq!(nodes[0].node.peer_count(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(
+        far.transport_id(),
+        Some(wifi()),
+        "told the cable is gone, the far end moved too"
+    );
 }
 
 #[tokio::test]
@@ -621,10 +734,7 @@ async fn losing_the_active_transport_with_only_a_probing_standby_reaps() {
     let cable = nodes[1].transport_id;
 
     // Probe sent, ack never processed: the wifi path is unproven.
-    nodes[1]
+    probe_candidate(&mut nodes, 1, addr_0, wifi(), wifi_0.clone()).await;
-        .node
-        .maybe_probe_path(addr_0, wifi(), wifi_0.clone())
-        .await;
     assert_eq!(
         nodes[1]
             .node
@@ -662,21 +772,39 @@ async fn a_dead_path_is_reprobed_when_its_transport_returns_and_forgotten_after_
     let (mut nodes, wifi_0, _wifi_1) = pair_with_wifi_live().await;
     let addr_0 = *nodes[0].node.node_addr();
 
-    nodes[1].node.withdraw_transport(wifi()).await;
+    let samples_before = nodes[1]
-
-    // Presence returns: the next discovery tick probes it again, and the
-    // ack brings it back Live with its history. (The withdrawal also sent
-    // node 0 a PathClose on the cable, which it processes here too.)
-    nodes[1].node.reset_probe_backoff_on_transport(wifi());
-    nodes[1]
         .node
-        .maybe_probe_path(addr_0, wifi(), wifi_0.clone())
+        .get_peer(&addr_0)
-        .await;
+        .unwrap()
+        .path_on(wifi())
+        .unwrap()
+        .rtt_samples();
+    assert!(samples_before > 0);
+    nodes[1].node.withdraw_transport(wifi()).await;
+    // (The withdrawal also sent node 0 a PathClose on the cable.)
     for _ in 0..4 {
         if process_available_packets(&mut nodes).await == 0 {
             break;
         }
     }
+    let dead = nodes[1]
+        .node
+        .get_peer(&addr_0)
+        .unwrap()
+        .path_on(wifi())
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(dead.state(), PathState::Dead);
+    assert_eq!(dead.addr(), &wifi_0);
+    // Dead: the heartbeat tick leaves it alone.
+    nodes[1].node.run_path_heartbeats().await;
+    assert!(
+        nodes[0].packet_rx.try_recv().is_err(),
+        "a Dead path is not probed"
+    );
+
+    // Presence returns: the path is Probing again, the next heartbeat tick
+    // probes it, and the ack brings it back Live with its history.
+    nodes[1].node.reset_probe_backoff_on_transport(wifi());
     assert_eq!(
         nodes[1]
             .node
@@ -685,7 +813,24 @@ async fn a_dead_path_is_reprobed_when_its_transport_returns_and_forgotten_after_
             .path_on(wifi())
             .unwrap()
             .state(),
-        PathState::Live
+        PathState::Probing
+    );
+    nodes[1].node.run_path_heartbeats().await;
+    for _ in 0..4 {
+        if process_available_packets(&mut nodes).await == 0 {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    let revived = nodes[1]
+        .node
+        .get_peer(&addr_0)
+        .unwrap()
+        .path_on(wifi())
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(revived.state(), PathState::Live);
+    assert!(
+        revived.rtt_samples() > samples_before,
+        "re-proved on top of its history, not from nothing"
     );
 
     // Dead again, and this time the grace expires.
@@ -751,6 +896,49 @@ async fn garbage_on_a_standby_path_counts_against_the_peer() {
     );
 }
 
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn garbage_on_a_path_the_peer_never_acknowledged_is_not_counted() {
+    // A candidate is an address we were told about — a beacon, a config
+    // entry, a handshake source, possibly a replayed one. Until the peer
+    // answers a probe there, garbage on its transport says nothing about
+    // the peer, and cannot tear the peering down.
+    let (mut nodes, _wifi_0, wifi_1) = dual_homed_pair().await;
+    let addr_1 = *nodes[1].node.node_addr();
+    nodes[0]
+        .node
+        .add_path_candidate(addr_1, wifi(), wifi_1.clone());
+    assert!(
+        !nodes[0]
+            .node
+            .get_peer(&addr_1)
+            .unwrap()
+            .path_on(wifi())
+            .unwrap()
+            .acked_once()
+    );
+    let our_index = nodes[0]
+        .node
+        .get_peer(&addr_1)
+        .unwrap()
+        .our_index()
+        .unwrap();
+    for counter in 0..(THRESHOLD * 2) as u64 {
+        nodes[0]
+            .node
+            .handle_encrypted_frame(ReceivedPacket::new(
+                wifi(),
+                wifi_1.clone(),
+                garbage_frame(our_index, counter),
+            ))
+            .await;
+    }
+    let peer = nodes[0]
+        .node
+        .get_peer(&addr_1)
+        .expect("an unproven path is not a transport the peer is on");
+    assert_eq!(peer.consecutive_decrypt_failures(), 0);
+}
+
 // ============================================================================
 // Selection (design §8)
 // ============================================================================
@@ -1039,24 +1227,124 @@ fn a_timed_out_echo_on_an_acknowledged_path_makes_it_suspect_and_selection_leave
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn a_path_the_peer_never_acknowledged_backs_off_instead_of_going_suspect() {
+fn a_peer_with_one_live_path_is_not_heartbeated() {
     let mut peer = ActivePeer::new(make_peer_identity(), LinkId::new(1), 0);
     peer.rebind_transport(tid(CABLE), TransportAddr::from_string("10.0.0.1:1"));
-    // Promotion-style: Live and tx_live from the handshake, never acked.
+    // Promotion-style: one Live path from the handshake. Nothing to decide,
+    // nothing sent — the link heartbeat keeps liveness.
+    let t0 = 1_000_000;
+    for k in 0..20 {
+        assert!(
+            peer.plan_heartbeats(t0 + k * FAST, &TIMING)
+                .sends
+                .is_empty(),
+            "a single-path peer gets no path probes"
+        );
+    }
+    // A candidate makes it two: probes start, on the candidate and on the
+    // active path alike.
+    peer.add_path(tid(WIFI), TransportAddr::from_string("10.0.0.7:1"));
+    let plan = peer.plan_heartbeats(t0 + 21 * FAST, &TIMING);
+    assert_eq!(plan.sends.len(), 2);
+    assert!(
+        plan.sends
+            .iter()
+            .any(|s| s.transport_id == tid(WIFI) && s.full_size),
+        "the candidate's first probe is the full-size discovery probe"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        plan.sends
+            .iter()
+            .any(|s| s.transport_id == tid(CABLE) && !s.full_size),
+        "the handshake proved the active path: its first probe is small"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn an_active_path_the_peer_never_acknowledged_backs_off_instead_of_going_suspect() {
+    let mut peer = ActivePeer::new(make_peer_identity(), LinkId::new(1), 0);
+    peer.rebind_transport(tid(CABLE), TransportAddr::from_string("10.0.0.1:1"));
+    // A candidate on the wifi makes the peer two-path, so the cable — Live
+    // from the handshake, never acked: an old node — is probed too.
+    peer.add_path(tid(WIFI), TransportAddr::from_string("10.0.0.7:1"));
     let t0 = 1_000_000;
     let plan = peer.plan_heartbeats(t0, &TIMING);
-    assert_eq!(plan.sends.len(), 1);
+    assert!(plan.sends.iter().any(|s| s.transport_id == tid(CABLE)));
     let plan = peer.plan_heartbeats(t0 + TIMEOUT, &TIMING);
     assert!(plan.suspects.is_empty(), "an old node is not a dead path");
     let cable = peer.path_on(tid(CABLE)).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(cable.state(), PathState::Live);
-    assert_eq!(plan.sends.len(), 1, "tried again, with the backoff doubled");
     assert!(
-        peer.plan_heartbeats(t0 + TIMEOUT + 2 * FAST - 1, &TIMING)
+        plan.sends.iter().any(|s| s.transport_id == tid(CABLE)),
+        "tried again, with the backoff doubled"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        !peer
+            .plan_heartbeats(t0 + TIMEOUT + 2 * FAST - 1, &TIMING)
             .sends
-            .is_empty(),
+            .iter()
+            .any(|s| s.transport_id == tid(CABLE)),
         "the unanswered probe pushed the next one out"
     );
+    // However long it goes unanswered, the active path is never given up:
+    // the handshake proved it, and an old node answers no probe.
+    let mut t = t0 + TIMEOUT + 2 * FAST;
+    for _ in 0..200 {
+        peer.plan_heartbeats(t, &TIMING);
+        t += TIMEOUT;
+    }
+    assert_eq!(peer.path_on(tid(CABLE)).unwrap().state(), PathState::Live);
+    assert_eq!(peer.transport_id(), Some(tid(CABLE)));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_standby_the_peer_never_acknowledges_is_given_up_after_the_discovery_budget() {
+    let mut peer = dual_path_peer(1, 5);
+    // A third address the peer never answers on: a NIC it no longer sends
+    // from, a replayed source, an old node's transport.
+    peer.add_path(tid(3), TransportAddr::from_string("10.0.0.9:1"));
+    let mut t = 1_000_000;
+    let mut probes = 0;
+    for _ in 0..400 {
+        let plan = peer.plan_heartbeats(t, &TIMING);
+        assert!(
+            plan.suspects.is_empty(),
+            "never acknowledged: never Suspect"
+        );
+        probes += plan
+            .sends
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|s| s.transport_id == tid(3))
+            .count();
+        for s in plan.sends {
+            if s.transport_id != tid(3) {
+                peer.note_path_ack(s.transport_id, s.probe_id, false, 1, t + 1, u64::MAX);
+            }
+        }
+        if peer.path_on(tid(3)).unwrap().state() == PathState::Dead {
+            break;
+        }
+        t += TIMEOUT;
+    }
+    assert_eq!(
+        peer.path_on(tid(3)).unwrap().state(),
+        PathState::Dead,
+        "given up after the budget"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(probes, crate::peer::MAX_DISCOVERY_PROBES as usize);
+    // Dead: not probed again, and forgotten after the grace.
+    assert!(
+        !peer
+            .plan_heartbeats(t + TIMEOUT, &TIMING)
+            .sends
+            .iter()
+            .any(|s| s.transport_id == tid(3))
+    );
+    peer.prune_dead_paths(t + 10 * 60_000, 5 * 60_000);
+    assert!(peer.path_on(tid(3)).is_none());
+    // The proven paths are untouched.
+    assert_eq!(peer.path_on(tid(CABLE)).unwrap().state(), PathState::Live);
+    assert_eq!(peer.path_on(tid(WIFI)).unwrap().state(), PathState::Live);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1097,22 +1385,31 @@ fn withdrawing_our_only_path_leaves_it_suspect_and_still_probed() {
 fn presence_return_resets_the_discovery_backoff() {
     let mut peer = ActivePeer::new(make_peer_identity(), LinkId::new(1), 0);
     peer.rebind_transport(tid(CABLE), TransportAddr::from_string("10.0.0.1:1"));
+    // Two-path, so the never-acked cable is probed at all.
+    peer.add_path(tid(WIFI), TransportAddr::from_string("10.0.0.7:1"));
     let t0 = 1_000_000;
+    let on_cable = |plan: &crate::peer::HeartbeatPlan| {
+        plan.sends
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|s| s.transport_id == tid(CABLE))
+            .count()
+    };
     // Never answered: each timeout doubles the wait.
-    assert_eq!(peer.plan_heartbeats(t0, &TIMING).sends.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(on_cable(&peer.plan_heartbeats(t0, &TIMING)), 1);
-    assert_eq!(peer.plan_heartbeats(t0 + TIMEOUT, &TIMING).sends.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(on_cable(&peer.plan_heartbeats(t0 + TIMEOUT, &TIMING)), 1);
     assert_eq!(
-        peer.plan_heartbeats(t0 + 2 * TIMEOUT, &TIMING).sends.len(),
+        on_cable(&peer.plan_heartbeats(t0 + 2 * TIMEOUT, &TIMING)),
         1
     );
     let t = t0 + 3 * TIMEOUT;
-    assert!(
+    assert_eq!(
-        peer.plan_heartbeats(t, &TIMING).sends.is_empty(),
+        on_cable(&peer.plan_heartbeats(t, &TIMING)),
+        0,
         "the third timeout pushed the next probe past now"
     );
     // The transport's presence cycles: probed at once.
     peer.reset_probe_backoff_on(tid(CABLE));
-    assert_eq!(peer.plan_heartbeats(t, &TIMING).sends.len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(on_cable(&peer.plan_heartbeats(t, &TIMING)), 1);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1127,7 +1424,7 @@ fn the_discovery_backoff_is_capped_and_never_goes_suspect() {
         discovery_cap_ms: 2_000,
         ..TIMING
     };
-    // Drive the wifi standby through many unanswered probes.
+    // Drive the wifi standby through its unanswered probes.
     let mut t = 1_000_000;
     let mut sent_at = Vec::new();
     for _ in 0..40 {
@@ -1136,9 +1433,19 @@ fn the_discovery_backoff_is_capped_and_never_goes_suspect() {
             plan.suspects.is_empty(),
             "never acknowledged: not a dead path"
         );
+        assert!(
+            plan.sends
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|s| s.transport_id == tid(WIFI))
+                .all(|s| s.full_size),
+            "every probe on an unproven path is full-size"
+        );
         if plan.sends.iter().any(|s| s.transport_id == tid(WIFI)) {
             sent_at.push(t);
         }
+        if peer.path_on(tid(WIFI)).unwrap().state() == PathState::Dead {
+            break;
+        }
         t += TIMEOUT;
     }
     let gaps: Vec<u64> = sent_at.windows(2).map(|w| w[1] - w[0]).collect();
@@ -1147,14 +1454,12 @@ fn the_discovery_backoff_is_capped_and_never_goes_suspect() {
         gaps.iter().all(|g| *g <= 2_000 + TIMEOUT),
         "the backoff is capped at discovery_cap_ms: {gaps:?}"
     );
-    assert!(
+    assert_eq!(
-        peer.plan_heartbeats(t, &timing)
+        sent_at.len(),
-            .sends
+        crate::peer::MAX_DISCOVERY_PROBES as usize,
-            .iter()
+        "and the budget bounds it: the path is given up, not probed forever"
-            .filter(|s| s.transport_id == tid(WIFI))
-            .all(|s| s.full_size),
-        "every probe on an unproven path is full-size"
     );
+    assert_eq!(peer.path_on(tid(WIFI)).unwrap().state(), PathState::Dead);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1298,7 +1603,7 @@ fn unreachable_send_errors_are_classified() {
 
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn the_fast_tick_heartbeats_the_active_path_and_the_ack_measures_it() {
-    let (mut nodes, _wifi_0, _wifi_1) = pair_with_wifi_live().await;
+    let (mut nodes, wifi_0, _wifi_1) = dual_homed_pair().await;
     let addr_0 = *nodes[0].node.node_addr();
     let cable = nodes[1].transport_id;
     assert!(
@@ -1312,6 +1617,11 @@ async fn the_fast_tick_heartbeats_the_active_path_and_the_ack_measures_it() {
         "the handshake proved the cable; no probe has yet"
     );
 
+    // A second path makes the peer worth heartbeating; the tick then
+    // probes the active cable as well as the wifi candidate.
+    nodes[1]
+        .node
+        .add_path_candidate(addr_0, wifi(), wifi_0.clone());
     nodes[1].node.run_path_heartbeats().await;
     let queued = nodes[0].packet_rx.len();
     assert!(queued >= 1, "a heartbeat probe went out on the cable");
@@ -1556,11 +1866,16 @@ fn a_probe_reaching_a_dead_path_revives_it() {
 async fn the_first_probe_on_a_path_is_full_size_and_so_is_its_ack() {
     let (mut nodes, wifi_0, _wifi_1) = dual_homed_pair().await;
     let addr_0 = *nodes[0].node.node_addr();
-    nodes[1]
+    probe_candidate(&mut nodes, 1, addr_0, wifi(), wifi_0.clone()).await;
-        .node
+    // The tick also heartbeated the active cable, small; the wifi probe
-        .maybe_probe_path(addr_0, wifi(), wifi_0.clone())
+    // is the discovery one.
-        .await;
+    let mut probe = None;
-    let probe = nodes[0].packet_rx.try_recv().expect("probe queued");
+    while let Ok(packet) = nodes[0].packet_rx.try_recv() {
+        if packet.transport_id == wifi() {
+            probe = Some(packet);
+        }
+    }
+    let probe = probe.expect("probe queued");
     let mtu = usize::from(
         nodes[1]
             .node
@@ -1592,9 +1907,14 @@ fn a_proven_path_is_probed_full_size_once_a_minute() {
     let t0 = 1_000_000;
     let plan = peer.plan_heartbeats(t0, &TIMING);
     // dual_path_peer acked via take_probe, which sets no full-size stamp,
-    // so the first heartbeat is full-size; after that, small until a
+    // so the standby's first heartbeat is full-size — the active path's is
-    // minute has passed.
+    // not, the handshake having proved it; after that, small until a
-    assert!(plan.sends.iter().all(|s| s.full_size));
+    // minute has passed, then full-size on both.
+    assert!(
+        plan.sends
+            .iter()
+            .all(|s| s.full_size == (s.transport_id == tid(WIFI)))
+    );
     for s in plan.sends {
         peer.note_path_ack(s.transport_id, s.probe_id, false, 1, t0 + 1, u64::MAX);
     }
@@ -1611,7 +1931,8 @@ fn a_proven_path_is_probed_full_size_once_a_minute() {
         );
     }
     let plan = peer.plan_heartbeats(t0 + 61_000, &TIMING);
-    assert!(plan.sends.iter().any(|s| s.full_size));
+    assert_eq!(plan.sends.len(), 2);
+    assert!(plan.sends.iter().all(|s| s.full_size));
 }
 
 #[tokio::test]
@@ -1773,3 +2094,108 @@ fn an_outage_does_not_keep_charging_the_path_s_etx() {
         "an outage is one event, not a lossy medium"
     );
 }
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// A handshake proves a path
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#[test]
+fn a_known_transport_at_a_new_address_is_re_pointed_there() {
+    let mut peer = ActivePeer::new(make_peer_identity(), LinkId::new(1), 0);
+    peer.rebind_transport(tid(CABLE), TransportAddr::from_string("10.0.0.1:1"));
+    peer.add_path(tid(WIFI), TransportAddr::from_string("10.0.0.7:1"));
+
+    // `add_path` is "add or return": the address it carries is ignored for
+    // a path that exists. A move is a separate, explicit step.
+    peer.add_path(tid(WIFI), TransportAddr::from_string("10.0.0.8:1"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        peer.path_on(tid(WIFI)).unwrap().addr(),
+        &TransportAddr::from_string("10.0.0.7:1")
+    );
+    assert!(peer.refresh_path_addr(tid(WIFI), TransportAddr::from_string("10.0.0.8:1")));
+    assert_eq!(
+        peer.path_on(tid(WIFI)).unwrap().addr(),
+        &TransportAddr::from_string("10.0.0.8:1")
+    );
+    assert!(
+        !peer.refresh_path_addr(tid(WIFI), TransportAddr::from_string("10.0.0.8:1")),
+        "the same address is not a move"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        !peer.refresh_path_addr(tid(3), TransportAddr::from_string("10.0.0.9:1")),
+        "a transport with no path is not re-pointed: that is add_path's job"
+    );
+    assert!(peer.path_on(tid(3)).is_none());
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn a_dial_to_a_stale_peer_over_another_transport_is_probed_and_taken_when_it_answers() {
+    let (mut nodes, wifi_0, _wifi_1) = dual_homed_pair().await;
+    let addr_0 = *nodes[0].node.node_addr();
+    let cable = nodes[0].transport_id;
+
+    // Node 1 has not heard node 0 in a long time: the cable is not live.
+    nodes[1].node.get_peer_mut(&addr_0).unwrap().touch(0);
+    assert!(!nodes[1].node.active_peer_link_is_live(&addr_0));
+
+    // An address on another transport arrives. Discovery never dials a
+    // peer with a session; a caller that does gets the same outcome: the
+    // handshake settles as a cross-connection, the address is a candidate.
+    let identity_0 = PeerIdentity::from_pubkey_full(nodes[0].node.identity().pubkey_full());
+    nodes[1]
+        .node
+        .initiate_connection(wifi(), wifi_0.clone(), identity_0)
+        .await
+        .expect("dial starts");
+    for _ in 0..8 {
+        if process_available_packets(&mut nodes).await == 0 {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    assert_eq!(nodes[0].node.peer_count(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(nodes[1].node.peer_count(), 1);
+    let p = nodes[1].node.get_peer(&addr_0).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(
+        p.transport_id(),
+        Some(cable),
+        "nothing moved on the handshake"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(p.path_on(wifi()).unwrap().state(), PathState::Probing);
+
+    // The heartbeat tick proves the wifi. The cable's own echoes then time
+    // out (the peer is silent there, which is why we are here): a hard
+    // signal, and the mandatory switch takes the path that answered.
+    nodes[1].node.run_path_heartbeats().await;
+    for _ in 0..8 {
+        if process_available_packets(&mut nodes).await == 0 {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    assert!(
+        nodes[1]
+            .node
+            .get_peer_mut(&addr_0)
+            .unwrap()
+            .mark_path_suspect(cable)
+    );
+    nodes[1].node.run_path_selection();
+    let p = nodes[1].node.get_peer(&addr_0).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(p.path_on(wifi()).unwrap().state(), PathState::Live);
+    assert_eq!(
+        p.transport_id(),
+        Some(wifi()),
+        "traffic moved to the path that answered"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(p.current_addr(), Some(&wifi_0));
+    // The link record followed the traffic.
+    let link = nodes[1].node.links.get(&p.link_id()).expect("peer's link");
+    assert_eq!(link.transport_id(), wifi());
+    assert_eq!(link.remote_addr(), &wifi_0);
+    assert!(
+        p.path_on(cable).is_some(),
+        "the cable stays for the heartbeat tick to probe"
+    );
+    // And the session is still shared.
+    assert_eq!(nodes[0].node.peer_count(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(nodes[1].node.peer_count(), 1);
+}

src/node/tests/unit.rs

@@ -1433,7 +1433,7 @@ async fn node_context_mirrors_config_and_immutable_facades() {
 }
 
 #[tokio::test]
-async fn update_peers_races_new_alternative_without_dropping_active_peer() {
+async fn update_peers_takes_a_new_alternative_as_a_path_without_dropping_active_peer() {
     // The node's *current* (pre-update) peer set must contain `old_peer`, so it
     // is baked into the Config at construction (immutable context = sole store).
     let peer_full = Identity::generate();
@@ -1497,16 +1497,18 @@ async fn update_peers_races_new_alternative_without_dropping_active_peer() {
 
     assert_eq!(outcome.updated, 1);
     assert_eq!(node.peer_count(), 1, "existing link must stay live");
-    assert_eq!(node.connection_count(), 1);
     assert_eq!(
-        node.connections()
+        node.connection_count(),
-            .next()
+        0,
-            .and_then(|(_, machine)| machine.conn_source_addr()),
+        "a peer with a session is not dialled on a new address: the address is a path"
-        Some(&new_addr)
     );
     let active = node.get_peer(&peer_node_addr).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(active.link_id(), old_link_id);
-    assert_eq!(active.current_addr(), Some(&current_addr));
+    // The path on this transport was never acknowledged (bound by
+    // `set_current_addr`, no ack), so it is not eligible and the new address
+    // re-points it; the heartbeat tick probes it there. An eligible path
+    // would have kept its address.
+    assert_eq!(active.current_addr(), Some(&new_addr));
 
     for transport in node.transports.values_mut() {
         transport.stop().await.ok();

src/peer/active.rs

@@ -22,6 +22,16 @@ use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 /// How often a full-size (MTU-padded) probe goes out on a proven path.
 const FULL_SIZE_PROBE_INTERVAL_MS: u64 = 60_000;
 
+/// Discovery probes a never-acknowledged standby path gets before it is
+/// given up as `Dead`. At the doubling backoff from the fast interval,
+/// capped at the heartbeat interval, that is about half a minute. An
+/// address we were told about but the peer never answers on — an old
+/// node's transport, a replayed handshake source, a beacon from a NIC the
+/// peer no longer sends on — is then no longer probed, and no longer
+/// counts as a transport the peer is on. `prune_dead_paths` forgets it
+/// after the grace; a fresh candidate starts the count over.
+pub const MAX_DISCOVERY_PROBES: u32 = 8;
+
 /// Fold one probe outcome into a path's ETX: the long EWMA (α = 1/32) of
 /// the delivery ratio, inverted and clamped like the link ETX. Per report a
 /// raw value is a flap generator on a lightly loaded link; the long average
@@ -86,6 +96,20 @@ pub enum PathState {
     Dead,
 }
 
+impl PathState {
+    /// The control-socket spelling: `probing`, `live`, `suspect`, `dead`.
+    /// A fixed string per variant, so a rename here cannot silently change
+    /// what `show_peers` and `path_show` emit and what fipstop matches.
+    pub fn as_str(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::Probing => "probing",
+            Self::Live => "live",
+            Self::Suspect => "suspect",
+            Self::Dead => "dead",
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Probe bookkeeping for one path: what is outstanding, and when the next
 /// one may go.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default)]
@@ -120,16 +144,6 @@ pub struct PathPolicy {
     pub rtt_window_ms: u64,
 }
 
-impl PathPolicy {
-    /// Everything selectable at once; for tests.
-    pub const PERMISSIVE: Self = Self {
-        margin: 1.5,
-        dwell_ms: 0,
-        min_samples: 0,
-        rtt_window_ms: u64::MAX,
-    };
-}
-
 /// A post-switch hold on the link cost the tree sees.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
 struct CostHold {
@@ -1111,6 +1125,34 @@ impl ActivePeer {
         &mut self.send.paths[idx]
     }
 
+    /// The peer's address on `transport_id` is `addr` now. Roams the path
+    /// there, if any, without touching its state; a `Dead` path brought back
+    /// at a new address is `Probing` again. Returns whether anything changed.
+    /// Nothing happens for a transport the peer has no path on — that is
+    /// [`add_path`](Self::add_path)'s job — nor for the same address.
+    ///
+    /// A peer's address on a transport does change under it: a Wi-Fi Aware
+    /// data path that re-forms comes up with a new link-local, and an
+    /// address that has moved is not one a probe can reach. Without this the
+    /// path kept the dead address for as long as it lived.
+    pub fn refresh_path_addr(&mut self, transport_id: TransportId, addr: TransportAddr) -> bool {
+        let Some(path) = self.path_on_mut(transport_id) else {
+            return false;
+        };
+        if path.addr == addr {
+            return false;
+        }
+        path.addr = addr;
+        #[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "macos"))]
+        path.clear_connected_udp();
+        if path.state == PathState::Dead {
+            path.state = PathState::Probing;
+            path.dead_since_ms = None;
+        }
+        path.probe.next_at_ms = 0;
+        true
+    }
+
     /// An authentic frame arrived on `transport_id`: the path there, if any,
     /// is `rx_live` as of `now_ms`.
     pub fn note_path_rx(&mut self, transport_id: TransportId, now_ms: u64) {
@@ -1125,9 +1167,10 @@ impl ActivePeer {
     /// backoff has not expired. `backoff_cap_ms` bounds the retry interval,
     /// which doubles from `base_ms` per unanswered probe.
     ///
-    /// Tests only. In production [`plan_heartbeats`](Self::plan_heartbeats)
+    /// Unit-test sampler for the selection tests, which need a path fed a
-    /// is the one issuer of probes, so no two writers race for
+    /// chosen round trip without driving a whole heartbeat schedule. Every
-    /// `probe.outstanding`.
+    /// node-level test goes through [`plan_heartbeats`](Self::plan_heartbeats),
+    /// the one issuer of probes in production.
     #[cfg(test)]
     pub fn take_probe(
         &mut self,
@@ -1163,12 +1206,11 @@ impl ActivePeer {
         remote_id: u32,
         now_ms: u64,
     ) {
-        let path = self.add_path(transport_id, addr.clone());
+        self.add_path(transport_id, addr.clone());
-        if path.addr != addr {
+        self.refresh_path_addr(transport_id, addr);
-            path.addr = addr;
+        let path = self
-            #[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "macos"))]
+            .path_on_mut(transport_id)
-            path.clear_connected_udp();
+            .expect("path added just above");
-        }
         path.remote_id = Some(remote_id);
         if path.state == PathState::Dead {
             // The peer is probing a path we had given up on: it is back,
@@ -1497,6 +1539,15 @@ impl ActivePeer {
     /// The silence hint: our active path silent for two of the peer's
     /// intervals on it while a standby hears the peer triggers a probe now,
     /// never `Suspect` (see §7 for the loop that would otherwise follow).
+    ///
+    /// A peer with one `Live` path is not heartbeated here at all.
+    /// Selection has nothing to move to, so a `Suspect` mark on it changes
+    /// nothing, and the link heartbeat already keeps its liveness; five
+    /// probes a second on every single-path link would be cost without a
+    /// decision behind it. Probes start the moment a second path — a
+    /// candidate included — exists, which is when a verdict can act; and a
+    /// lone path that is `Suspect` (the peer closed it, nowhere to go) is
+    /// probed so its ack can bring it back.
     pub fn plan_heartbeats(&mut self, now_ms: u64, timing: &HeartbeatTiming) -> HeartbeatPlan {
         let HeartbeatTiming {
             fast_ms,
@@ -1506,6 +1557,23 @@ impl ActivePeer {
         } = *timing;
         let mut plan = HeartbeatPlan::default();
         let active = self.send.active;
+        let alone_and_live = self
+            .send
+            .paths
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|p| p.state != PathState::Dead)
+            .count()
+            < 2
+            && active
+                .and_then(|i| self.send.paths.get(i))
+                .is_some_and(|p| p.state == PathState::Live);
+        if alone_and_live {
+            for path in self.send.paths.iter_mut() {
+                path.probe.outstanding = None;
+                path.probe.timed_out = None;
+            }
+            return plan;
+        }
         let newest_rx = self.send.paths.iter().filter_map(|p| p.rx_live_at_ms).max();
         for (i, path) in self.send.paths.iter_mut().enumerate() {
             if path.state == PathState::Dead {
@@ -1549,6 +1617,16 @@ impl ActivePeer {
                     path.probe.next_at_ms = 0;
                 } else {
                     path.probe.unanswered = path.probe.unanswered.saturating_add(1);
+                    // A standby the peer has never answered on is given up
+                    // after the discovery budget. Never the active path:
+                    // an old node answers no probe there either, and the
+                    // handshake proved it.
+                    if !ours && path.probe.unanswered >= MAX_DISCOVERY_PROBES {
+                        path.state = PathState::Dead;
+                        path.dead_since_ms = Some(now_ms);
+                        path.probe.timed_out = None;
+                        continue;
+                    }
                 }
             }
 
@@ -1582,11 +1660,16 @@ impl ActivePeer {
                     .min(discovery_cap_ms.max(interval))
             };
             path.probe.next_at_ms = now_ms.saturating_add(delay.max(1));
-            let full_size = !path.acked_once
+            // Discovery probes are full-size so a medium that passes small
-                || path
+            // frames and drops large ones never proves itself — except on
-                    .last_full_probe_ms
+            // the active path, which the handshake proved and whose MTU it
-                    .is_none_or(|t| now_ms.saturating_sub(t) >= FULL_SIZE_PROBE_INTERVAL_MS);
+            // seeded; there the once-a-minute full-size probe is enough.
-            if full_size {
+            let full_size = (!path.acked_once && !ours)
+                || match path.last_full_probe_ms {
+                    Some(t) => now_ms.saturating_sub(t) >= FULL_SIZE_PROBE_INTERVAL_MS,
+                    None => !ours,
+                };
+            if full_size || path.last_full_probe_ms.is_none() {
                 path.last_full_probe_ms = Some(now_ms);
             }
             plan.sends.push(HeartbeatSend {
@@ -1658,11 +1741,24 @@ impl ActivePeer {
         self.send.active = Some(new_active);
     }
 
-    /// Clear the probe backoff on every path over `transport_id`.
+    /// The transport `transport_id` is back: clear the probe backoff on
-    pub fn reset_probe_backoff_on(&mut self, transport_id: TransportId) {
+    /// its path, and a path given up as `Dead` while it was gone is
-        if let Some(path) = self.path_on_mut(transport_id) {
+    /// `Probing` again, its RTT window and ETX intact, so the next
-            path.reset_probe_backoff();
+    /// heartbeat tick re-proves it rather than measuring it from nothing.
+    /// Returns whether a `Dead` path was revived.
+    pub fn reset_probe_backoff_on(&mut self, transport_id: TransportId) -> bool {
+        let Some(path) = self.path_on_mut(transport_id) else {
+            return false;
+        };
+        path.reset_probe_backoff();
+        if path.state == PathState::Dead {
+            path.state = PathState::Probing;
+            path.dead_since_ms = None;
+            path.probe.outstanding = None;
+            path.probe.timed_out = None;
+            return true;
         }
+        false
     }
 
     // === Handshake Resend ===

src/peer/mod.rs

@@ -9,8 +9,9 @@ mod active;
 pub(crate) mod machine;
 
 pub use active::{
-    ActivePeer, ConnectivityState, HeartbeatPlan, HeartbeatSend, HeartbeatTiming, PathPolicy,
+    ActivePeer, ConnectivityState, HeartbeatPlan, HeartbeatSend, HeartbeatTiming,
-    PathState, PathSwitch, PathWithdrawal, PeerPath, SwitchReason,
+    MAX_DISCOVERY_PROBES, PathPolicy, PathState, PathSwitch, PathWithdrawal, PeerPath,
+    SwitchReason,
 };
 
 use crate::NodeAddr;

src/proto/fmp/core.rs

@@ -646,6 +646,13 @@ impl Fmp {
 
         if snap.has_existing_peer {
             let peer_addr = *wire.peer_identity.node_addr();
+            // Which transport the msg1 arrived on plays no part here: a
+            // handshake never creates path state. A peer dialling us over
+            // a second transport gets the same answer as one dialling over
+            // the first — a rekey or a duplicate — and the transport becomes
+            // a path only through the authenticated, replay-checked probe
+            // exchange. Both ends then resolve on the same information; a
+            // rule that read this end's view of its own liveness split them.
             match (snap.existing_peer_epoch, wire.remote_epoch) {
                 (Some(existing), Some(new)) if existing != new => {
                     // Epoch mismatch → peer restart.

src/proto/fmp/tests/core.rs

@@ -707,3 +707,29 @@ fn retirements_are_grouped_after_drains_and_before_rekey_initiations() {
         matches!(actions[4], ConnAction::InitiateRekey { peer } if peer == make_node_addr(0x03))
     );
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn a_live_peer_s_msg1_is_classified_the_same_on_every_transport() {
+    // Same epoch, session old enough to rekey. The transport the msg1
+    // arrived on is not an input: a handshake never creates path state, so
+    // a live peer dialling over a second transport is the rekey it looks
+    // like, exactly as a dial over the first would be. Both ends then
+    // decide from the same facts.
+    let mut snap = establish_snapshot();
+    snap.has_existing_peer = true;
+    snap.existing_peer_epoch = Some([1u8; 8]);
+    snap.has_session = true;
+    snap.existing_session_age_secs = 31;
+    let wire = wire_outcome(Some([1u8; 8]));
+    assert!(matches!(
+        Fmp::new().establish_inbound(&snap, &wire),
+        InboundDecision::RekeyRespond { .. }
+    ));
+
+    // A restart is a restart, whatever transport it arrives on.
+    let restarted = wire_outcome(Some([2u8; 8]));
+    assert!(matches!(
+        Fmp::new().establish_inbound(&snap, &restarted),
+        InboundDecision::RestartThenPromote { .. }
+    ));
+}

src/proto/mmp/metrics.rs

@@ -341,7 +341,6 @@ impl MmpMetrics {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Smoothed ETX (long-term EWMA), or `None` if not yet initialized.
     /// The quality index, [`quality_index`](super::quality_index) of the
     /// smoothed ETX and the smoothed RTT. `None` until both are measured.
     pub fn quality_index(&self) -> Option<f64> {
@@ -351,6 +350,7 @@ impl MmpMetrics {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Smoothed ETX (long-term EWMA), or `None` if not yet initialized.
     pub fn smoothed_etx(&self) -> Option<f64> {
         if self.etx_trend.initialized() {
             Some(self.etx_trend.long())

src/transport/loopback.rs

@@ -57,6 +57,11 @@ pub struct LoopbackTransport {
     /// transport's `IFF_RUNNING`. `None`: not interface-bound, no presence
     /// reported, which is the default.
     carrier: Mutex<Option<bool>>,
+    /// Every `close_connection` the node asked for, in order. Loopback is
+    /// connectionless so the close itself does nothing; the record lets a
+    /// test say whether a socket a connection-oriented transport would own
+    /// was kept or closed.
+    closed: Mutex<Vec<TransportAddr>>,
 }
 
 impl LoopbackTransport {
@@ -84,9 +89,20 @@ impl LoopbackTransport {
             registry,
             discovered: Mutex::new(Vec::new()),
             carrier: Mutex::new(None),
+            closed: Mutex::new(Vec::new()),
         }
     }
 
+    /// Record a `close_connection` call.
+    pub fn record_close(&self, addr: &TransportAddr) {
+        self.closed.lock().unwrap().push(addr.clone());
+    }
+
+    /// The addresses the node has asked to close on this transport.
+    pub fn closed(&self) -> Vec<TransportAddr> {
+        self.closed.lock().unwrap().clone()
+    }
+
     /// Pretend this transport is bound to an interface with (or without)
     /// carrier; `None` returns it to reporting no presence at all.
     pub fn set_carrier(&self, carrier: Option<bool>) {

src/transport/mod.rs

@@ -248,6 +248,20 @@ pub enum TransportError {
 }
 
 impl TransportError {
+    /// Whether the kernel refused the send for want of a route: the
+    /// interface is up but nothing is reachable through it. A hard signal
+    /// that the path is gone (`ENETUNREACH`, `EHOSTUNREACH`), distinct from
+    /// `is_transient`: the binder is not going to fix this.
+    pub fn is_unreachable(&self) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            Self::Io(e) => matches!(
+                e.kind(),
+                std::io::ErrorKind::NetworkUnreachable | std::io::ErrorKind::HostUnreachable
+            ),
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Whether this failure is expected to clear on its own.
     ///
     /// The distinction callers need is not *what* went wrong but whether
@@ -268,20 +282,6 @@ impl TransportError {
     /// which is a statement about the peer rather than about this node's
     /// ability to transmit, and the existing retry paths for them already sit
     /// at a different layer.
-    /// Whether the kernel refused the send for want of a route: the
-    /// interface is up but nothing is reachable through it. A hard signal
-    /// that the path is gone (`ENETUNREACH`, `EHOSTUNREACH`), distinct from
-    /// `is_transient`: the binder is not going to fix this.
-    pub fn is_unreachable(&self) -> bool {
-        match self {
-            Self::Io(e) => matches!(
-                e.kind(),
-                std::io::ErrorKind::NetworkUnreachable | std::io::ErrorKind::HostUnreachable
-            ),
-            _ => false,
-        }
-    }
-
     pub fn is_transient(&self) -> bool {
         match self {
             // The interface is absent or mid-rebind. The binder is polling for
@@ -1250,7 +1250,7 @@ impl TransportHandle {
             #[cfg(ble_available)]
             TransportHandle::Ble(t) => t.close_connection_async(addr).await,
             #[cfg(test)]
-            TransportHandle::Loopback(_) => {} // connectionless no-op
+            TransportHandle::Loopback(t) => t.record_close(addr), // connectionless; recorded for tests
         }
     }
 

testing/chaos/README.md

@@ -115,11 +115,10 @@ Explicit topologies exercising non-UDP transports.
   `node.path.*`; see the file header for what to read from a run.
 - **dual-udp-flap**: the all-IP twin (`[n01, n02, udp-veth+udp]`): a veth
   carrying IP with an interface-bound UDP instance at each end, plus UDP
-  over the bridge. The veth half is handed to the daemon by the runner
+  over the bridge. Both are static addresses on the dial owner, so two
-  (`fipsctl connect ... udp/<veth>`) once the pair has peered, and becomes a
+  handshakes run at startup and the second is kept as a path under the
-  path under the existing session. Exercises `udp.interface` on the listen
+  first's session. Exercises `udp.interface` on the listen and per-peer
-  and per-peer connected sockets, and a configured address on a new
+  connected sockets, and a second handshake to a live peer becoming a path.
-  transport becoming a path.
 - **tcp-mesh**: 6-node mesh with 4 UDP and 3 TCP edges. Both transports use
   static peer config. Netem mutation (30% fraction, every 20-40s) and link
   flaps (1 link max, 10-20s down).

testing/chaos/sim/config_gen.py

@@ -58,24 +58,31 @@ def generate_peers_block(
     for peer_id in sorted(outbound_peers):
         peer = topology.nodes[peer_id]
         transport = topology.transport_for_edge(node_id, peer_id)
-        if topology.is_dual_udp_edge(node_id, peer_id):
+        dual = topology.is_dual_udp_edge(node_id, peer_id)
-            # The veth half of a dual edge is found by beacon (Ethernet) or
+        # (transport, addr, priority) per address. A dual edge's Ethernet
-            # added as a path by the runner after the pair has peered
+        # half is found by beacon, so only its bridge half is listed; a dual
-            # (udp-veth); the bridge half is dialled from here.
+        # udp-veth edge lists both halves, bridge first, and the daemon takes
-            transport = "udp"
+        # the second completed handshake as a path under the first's session.
+        addresses = []
         if transport == UDP_VETH:
             link = next(l for l in topology.udp_veth_links(node_id) if l.peer_id == peer_id)
-            transport = f"udp/{link.instance}"
+            if dual:
-            addr = link.peer_addr
+                addresses.append((bridge, f"{peer.docker_ip}:{_TRANSPORT_PORTS['udp']}", 1))
+            addresses.append((f"udp/{link.instance}", link.peer_addr, 10 if dual else 1))
         else:
+            if dual:
+                transport = "udp"
             addr = f"{peer.docker_ip}:{_TRANSPORT_PORTS.get(transport, 2121)}"
             if transport == "udp":
                 transport = bridge
+            addresses.append((transport, addr, 1))
         lines.append(f'  - npub: "{peer.npub}"')
         lines.append(f'    alias: "{peer_id}"')
         lines.append(f"    addresses:")
-        lines.append(f"      - transport: {transport}")
+        for transport, addr, priority in addresses:
-        lines.append(f'        addr: "{addr}"')
+            lines.append(f"      - transport: {transport}")
+            lines.append(f'        addr: "{addr}"')
+            lines.append(f"        priority: {priority}")
         lines.append(f"    connect_policy: auto_connect")
     return "\n".join(lines)
 

testing/chaos/sim/runner.py

@@ -389,11 +389,6 @@ class SimRunner:
         self._sleep(wait)
         self._take_snapshot("warmup")
 
-        # The veth half of every udp-veth+udp edge: UDP has no beacon, so
-        # the runner hands the daemon the address once the pair has peered
-        # over the bridge, and it becomes a path under that session.
-        self._add_udp_veth_paths()
-
         # Populate npub cache after convergence (nodes must be running)
         if self.peer_churn_mgr:
             self.peer_churn_mgr.refresh_all_npubs()
@@ -404,67 +399,13 @@ class SimRunner:
         if self.link_swap_mgr:
             self.link_swap_mgr.setup_initial()
 
-    def _add_udp_veth_paths(self, only_node: str | None = None):
-        """Give each dual udp-veth edge its veth path.
-
-        Sent from the edge's dial owner (the side whose static config holds
-        the bridge address) as a control-socket ``connect`` naming the
-        interface-bound instance: to a peer it already holds a session with,
-        the daemon adds that as a path rather than dialling. Waits for the
-        bridge session first, so the command cannot become the first dial.
-        """
-        from .control import send_command
-
-        outbound = self.topology.directed_outbound()
-        for node_id in sorted(self.topology.nodes):
-            if only_node is not None and node_id != only_node:
-                continue
-            for link in self.topology.udp_veth_links(node_id):
-                if not self.topology.is_dual_udp_edge(node_id, link.peer_id):
-                    continue
-                if link.peer_id not in outbound.get(node_id, []):
-                    continue
-                if node_id in self._down_nodes or link.peer_id in self._down_nodes:
-                    continue
-                container = self.topology.container_name(node_id)
-                npub = self.topology.nodes[link.peer_id].npub
-                params = {
-                    "npub": npub,
-                    "address": link.peer_addr,
-                    "transport": f"udp/{link.instance}",
-                }
-                added = None
-                for _ in range(30):
-                    if send_command(container, "path_show", {"npub": npub}) is None:
-                        time.sleep(1)  # not peered over the bridge yet
-                        continue
-                    added = send_command(container, "connect", params)
-                    break
-                if added is None:
-                    log.warning(
-                        "udp-veth path %s -> %s via %s not added",
-                        node_id, link.peer_id, link.instance,
-                    )
-                else:
-                    log.info(
-                        "udp-veth path %s -> %s via %s (%s)",
-                        node_id, link.peer_id, link.instance, link.peer_addr,
-                    )
-
     def _handle_node_restart(self, node_id: str):
         """Called after a node container is restarted.
 
-        Re-adds the node's udp-veth paths once it has re-peered, and for
+        For ephemeral identity nodes, waits briefly for the daemon to
-        ephemeral identity nodes waits briefly for the daemon to start,
+        start, then queries its new npub and updates the peer churn
-        then queries its new npub and updates the peer churn manager's
+        manager's cache.
-        cache.
         """
-        if any(
-            self.topology.is_dual_udp_edge(node_id, link.peer_id)
-            for link in self.topology.udp_veth_links(node_id)
-        ):
-            time.sleep(2)
-            self._add_udp_veth_paths(only_node=node_id)
         if not self.peer_churn_mgr:
             return
         if node_id not in self.peer_churn_mgr.ephemeral_nodes: